What causes increased bot clicks and spam rates in email marketing, and how can they be identified and mitigated?

Summary

Increased bot clicks and spam rates in email marketing stem from multiple sources, including automated bot activity (particularly from .edu, Outlook.com, and iCloud.com), spam traps designed to identify spammers, and poor sender reputation. Contributing factors to a poor reputation include high complaint rates, sending to spam traps, and lack of proper email authentication. Recent increases in bot activity have been observed since early months. Effective mitigation strategies involve monitoring and improving sender reputation, using double opt-in, regularly cleaning email lists, implementing honeypot traps to identify bots, setting up email authentication protocols (SPF, DKIM, DMARC), managing bounce rates, adhering to CAN-SPAM Act requirements, segmenting email lists for more relevant content, and tracking filters to understand bot activity patterns. Addressing NHI (Not Human Initiated) interactions and unusual traffic patterns (data centers, VPNs) are also important.

Key findings

  • Bot Sources: Increased bot activity identified from .edu, Outlook.com, and iCloud.com domains, often driven by automated systems.
  • Spam Traps Impact: Spam traps identify spammers, significantly harming sender reputation and deliverability.
  • Poor Reputation Costs: Poor sender reputation, due to high complaint rates and spam traps, leads to increased spam rates and blocked emails.
  • Authentication Gaps: Lack of proper email authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC) makes it easier for emails to be marked as spam.
  • List Hygiene Neglect: Poor list hygiene, including inactive subscribers and invalid addresses, increases bounce rates and spam complaints.
  • Relevance Deficiency: Irrelevant content increases the likelihood of spam complaints, damaging sender reputation.
  • NHI Patterns: Tracking filters behind addresses showing NHI (Not Human Initiated) interactions helps clarify bot activity patterns.

Key considerations

  • Track and Filter NHI: Track filters behind addresses showing NHI to understand bot activity better.
  • Monitor Reputation Constantly: Regularly monitor sender reputation to detect and fix issues promptly.
  • Implement Double Opt-in Rigorously: Enforce double opt-in to ensure genuine subscriber interest and reduce complaints.
  • Clean Lists Regularly: Routinely clean email lists to remove inactive subscribers and potential spam traps.
  • Use Honeypot Traps Strategically: Implement honeypot traps to identify and filter out bot traffic efficiently.
  • Set Up Authentication Properly: Ensure email authentication protocols (SPF, DKIM, DMARC) are correctly configured to verify sender identity.
  • Manage Bounce Rates Actively: Monitor and manage bounce rates to maintain a healthy sender reputation.
  • Comply with CAN-SPAM Diligently: Adhere strictly to CAN-SPAM Act requirements, including clear unsubscribe options.
  • Segment Lists Effectively: Segment email lists for more targeted and relevant content to minimize spam complaints.
  • Address Unusual Traffic: Investigate unusual traffic patterns (data centers, VPNs) for bot activity.

What email marketers say
14Marketer opinions

Increased bot clicks and spam rates in email marketing are caused by various factors, including automated bot activity, spam traps, and poor sender reputation. Bots often scan emails, while spam traps are designed to identify spammers. Recent increases in bot activity have been observed from .edu, Outlook.com, and iCloud.com domains. Mitigation strategies include monitoring sender reputation, using double opt-in, regularly cleaning email lists, implementing honeypot traps, properly setting up email authentication protocols (SPF, DKIM, DMARC), managing bounce rates, and adhering to CAN-SPAM Act requirements. Segmentation and sending relevant content can also reduce spam complaints.

Key opinions

  • Bot Activity: Increased bot activity is observed from .edu, Outlook.com, and iCloud.com domains. Bots scan emails for various purposes, leading to inflated click rates.
  • Spam Traps: Spam traps identify spammers and negatively impact sender reputation.
  • Poor Reputation: A poor sender reputation leads to higher spam rates and blocked emails. Factors include high complaint rates and sending to spam traps.
  • Authentication: Lack of proper email authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC) increases the likelihood of emails being marked as spam.
  • List Hygiene: Poor list hygiene (inactive subscribers, invalid addresses) increases bounce rates and spam complaints.
  • Relevance: Irrelevant content leads to higher spam complaint rates.

Key considerations

  • Monitor Reputation: Regularly monitor sender reputation to identify and address issues promptly.
  • Double Opt-in: Implement double opt-in to ensure subscribers genuinely want to receive emails.
  • List Cleaning: Regularly clean email lists to remove inactive subscribers and spam traps.
  • Honeypot Traps: Use honeypot traps to identify and filter out bot traffic.
  • Authentication Protocols: Properly set up email authentication protocols (SPF, DKIM, DMARC) to verify sender identity.
  • Bounce Rates: Monitor and manage bounce rates to maintain a healthy sender reputation.
  • CAN-SPAM Compliance: Adhere to CAN-SPAM Act requirements, including providing a clear unsubscribe link.
  • Segmentation: Segment email lists to send targeted and relevant content.
  • Content Relevance: Ensure content is valuable and relevant to subscribers to reduce spam complaints.
Marketer view

Email marketer from Reddit r/emailmarketing suggests using honeypot traps (hidden links only bots will click) to identify and filter out bot traffic. They also advise monitoring click patterns for suspicious activity, such as rapid or simultaneous clicks on multiple links.

May 2023 - Reddit
Marketer view

Marketer from Email Geeks observed a spike in bot activity mostly from Icloud.com starting around the end of March, which is suspected to be privacy measures testing links, and uses a pixel to vet them out.

February 2024 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Email marketer from Warrior Forum explains that monitoring and managing bounce rates is essential for maintaining a healthy sender reputation. High bounce rates can indicate outdated or invalid email addresses. Removing hard bounces promptly and identifying the causes of soft bounces can improve deliverability.

February 2024 - Warrior Forum
Marketer view

Marketer from Email Geeks shares a method for identifying potential bots by adding a new PS section to emails and hyperlinking the period (.) in the PS, masking the link by matching the text color. Clicks on this hidden link indicate a potential bot, allowing for list cleanup.

March 2022 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Email marketer from Sendinblue shares that to reduce spam complaints, marketers should ensure subscribers have genuinely opted in, send relevant and valuable content, and make it easy for subscribers to unsubscribe. Also, segmenting email lists to send targeted content can decrease spam reports.

December 2022 - Sendinblue
Marketer view

Marketer from Email Geeks explains NHI on .edu accounts would be expected, as many educational institutions utilize more custom anti-spam third-party systems. He also suggests considering recent increases in reputation as a possible factor in increased spam complaint rates, where increased inbox rates may lead to increased spam complaint rates.

January 2024 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Email marketer from ActiveCampaign shares that email segmentation allows marketers to send more targeted and relevant content to subscribers. By segmenting lists based on demographics, behavior, or preferences, the risk of spam complaints is lowered because recipients are more likely to find the emails valuable.

July 2022 - ActiveCampaign
Marketer view

Email marketer from HubSpot recommends using double opt-in to ensure subscribers genuinely want to receive emails. Double opt-in helps build a cleaner list and reduce the likelihood of spam complaints, improving overall deliverability.

January 2023 - HubSpot
Marketer view

Email marketer from Constant Contact advises that adhering to CAN-SPAM Act requirements is critical for legal compliance and maintaining deliverability. This includes providing a clear unsubscribe link, including a physical postal address, and promptly honoring unsubscribe requests.

July 2024 - Constant Contact
Marketer view

Email marketer from Email on Acid says prevent spam triggers by avoiding excessive use of spam trigger words, using proper HTML formatting, and ensuring your sender reputation is high. Email on Acid recommends testing your emails with spam filters before sending to catch any potential issues.

January 2025 - Email on Acid
Marketer view

Email marketer from Litmus recommends regularly cleaning email lists to remove inactive subscribers and potential spam traps. They suggest using sunset policies to identify and remove unengaged users. Additionally, validating email addresses before adding them to your list can help prevent issues.

January 2025 - Litmus
Marketer view

Marketer from Email Geeks reports seeing a huge increase in bot activity from Outlook.com Office 365 accounts starting from late March across multiple clients and ESP products.

June 2023 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Email marketer from Gmass advises to properly setting up email authentication protocols like SPF, DKIM, and DMARC is vital for improving deliverability and reducing spam rates. Gmass says that these protocols help verify the sender's identity and prevent spoofing, ultimately building trust with email providers.

November 2024 - Gmass
Marketer view

Email marketer from Neil Patel explains that bot clicks often come from automated systems that scan emails for various purposes. Spam traps are email addresses created solely to identify spammers. Neil Patel advises monitoring sender reputation, using double opt-in, and regularly cleaning email lists to avoid these issues.

April 2021 - Neil Patel

What the experts say
4Expert opinions

Increased bot clicks and spam rates are influenced by bot activity patterns, with increased activity seen since early months. Honeypot traps are effective for identifying bot clicks, while a poor sender reputation stemming from high complaint rates, spam traps, and lacking authentication significantly increases spam rates.

Key opinions

  • Bot Activity Patterns: Increased bot activity observed since January/February requires closer monitoring to understand patterns.
  • Honeypot Effectiveness: Honeypot traps are effective in identifying bot clicks through hidden links and form fields.
  • Sender Reputation Impact: Poor sender reputation, due to high complaint rates, spam traps, and lacking authentication, increases spam rates.

Key considerations

  • Track Filters: Tracking the filters behind addresses showing NHI can clarify bot activity patterns.
  • Implement Honeypots: Use honeypot traps to detect and monitor bot interactions within email campaigns.
  • Maintain Reputation: Focus on reducing complaint rates, avoiding spam traps, and ensuring proper authentication to improve sender reputation.
Expert view

Expert from Spamresource explains that creating 'honeypot' traps can effectively identify bot clicks. These are hidden links or form fields only bots are likely to interact with. Monitoring these interactions can reveal bot activity within your email campaigns.

September 2023 - Spamresource
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks confirms seeing increased bot activity from January/February and continuing.

November 2023 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks suggests that tracking the filters behind the addresses showing the NHI can make the pattern much clearer.

March 2023 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Word to the Wise details that a poor sender reputation significantly increases spam rates. Factors contributing to a bad reputation include high complaint rates, sending to spam traps, and lacking proper authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC). Maintaining a good sender reputation is crucial for deliverability.

September 2021 - Word to the Wise

What the documentation says
4Technical articles

Email deliverability is affected by sender reputation, authentication, and content. Poor sender reputation leads to emails being marked as spam or blocked, and click tracking and user-agent analysis can identify bots, which can be mitigated by implementing CAPTCHAs and rate limiting. Adhering to email best practices and Outlook.com's guidelines helps maintain a positive sending reputation.

Key findings

  • Deliverability Factors: Sender reputation, authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC), and content affect email deliverability.
  • Bot Identification: Click tracking and analyzing user-agent data help identify bots, with unusual traffic patterns as indicators.
  • Sender Reputation Importance: Sender reputation is crucial; a poor reputation can lead to emails being marked as spam or blocked.
  • Policy Adherence: Following best practices and Outlook.com's guidelines is essential for maintaining a positive sending reputation.

Key considerations

  • Clean List: Focus on building a clean and engaged email list.
  • Authentication: Authenticate emails with SPF, DKIM, and DMARC to improve deliverability.
  • Monitor Traffic: Use click tracking and user-agent analysis to monitor and identify unusual traffic patterns indicative of bots.
  • Implement Mitigation: Implement CAPTCHAs and rate limiting to mitigate automated abuse.
  • Email Best Practices: Follow email best practices and provide value to recipients to maintain a good reputation.
  • Adhere to Guidelines: Adhere to Outlook.com's policies and guidelines for bulk senders.
Technical article

Documentation from Mailchimp explains that several factors affect email deliverability, including sender reputation, authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC), and content. They advise focusing on building a clean and engaged list, avoiding spam trigger words, and authenticating your email to improve deliverability and reduce spam rates.

July 2024 - Mailchimp
Technical article

Documentation from SparkPost shares using click tracking and analyzing user-agent data helps identify bots. They also note unusual traffic patterns, such as clicks originating from data centers or VPNs, are indicators. Mitigating actions include implementing CAPTCHAs and rate limiting to prevent automated abuse.

January 2024 - SparkPost
Technical article

Documentation from Google Postmaster Tools shares that sender reputation is a crucial factor in deliverability. Google emphasizes that a poor sender reputation can lead to emails being marked as spam or blocked entirely. Monitoring and maintaining a good reputation requires consistently following email best practices and providing value to recipients.

July 2021 - Google
Technical article

Documentation from Microsoft details Outlook.com's policies against spam and unwanted emails, including specific filtering practices and guidelines for bulk senders. Microsoft recommends following their best practices for sending emails to avoid being flagged as spam and to maintain a positive sending reputation.

December 2024 - Microsoft