What causes email authentication failures when using Klaviyo DKIM and SPF, and how can I identify the root cause?

Summary

Email authentication failures when using Klaviyo DKIM and SPF are multifaceted. Potential causes include compromised machines, security gateways modifying messages, SPF misconfigurations (DNS lookup limits, syntax errors), and email forwarding issues, which are a common source of DKIM failures in Klaviyo. SPF is susceptible to forwarding issues, as the forwarder's IP won't match the original sender's authorized IP. Poor IP reputation and DKIM selector mismatches are also contributing factors. Analyzing DMARC aggregate reports, verifying Klaviyo's configuration, monitoring authentication records with tools, and setting a DMARC policy to 'none' for initial monitoring are vital. Regular testing and a review of server configurations helps prevent unexpected forwarding issues, using a custom domain helps configure settings, and double checking DNS configurations are vital. Using SRS (Sender Rewriting Scheme) can help mitigate the problem of forwards, and if the 'mail from' and DKIM match the usual sent mail, this helps identify the problem.

Key findings

  • Compromised Machines: Listed IP addresses may be unauthenticated sources of email due to compromised machines or spam.
  • Security Gateway Interference: Security gateways modifying messages can break authentication.
  • SPF Misconfiguration: Common SPF misconfigurations include exceeding DNS lookup limits and syntax errors.
  • Forwarding Issues: DKIM and SPF failures often stem from email forwarding.
  • Poor IP Reputation: Low IP reputation impacts deliverability despite proper authentication.
  • DKIM Selector Mismatch: DKIM selector mismatches can cause authentication to fail.
  • DNS Configuration mistakes: DNS configurations, such as missing full stops, can cause errors.
  • Mail From & DKIM: If the 'mail from' and DKIM match normal email, its a good hint its forwarding.

Key considerations

  • Address Forwarding: Investigate and address email forwarding issues to resolve DKIM and SPF failures. Implement SRS (Sender Rewriting Scheme).
  • Verify Configuration: Verify sending domain configuration within Klaviyo and DNS records for correct SPF and DKIM setup. Using own domain for this.
  • Monitor IP Reputation: Monitor IP address reputation; consider using a dedicated IP.
  • Analyze DMARC Reports: Regularly analyze DMARC aggregate reports to identify failing sources.
  • Review Server Configuration: Review email server configurations for unexpected forwarding rules.
  • Implement DMARC Policy: Begin with a DMARC policy of 'none' for monitoring, gradually transitioning to stricter policies.
  • Utilize Monitoring Tools: Employ tools to monitor SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records.
  • Troubleshoot DNS: Double check DNS settings and common errors.

What email marketers say
10Marketer opinions

Email authentication failures with Klaviyo DKIM and SPF can arise from a multitude of sources. Security gateways modifying messages, SPF misconfigurations (DNS lookup limits, syntax errors), forwarding issues (breaking SPF), and poor IP reputation are all potential culprits. Analyzing DMARC aggregate reports helps identify failing sources, while verifying Klaviyo's sending domain configuration ensures correct setup. Using a dedicated domain builds trust, and tools like GlockApps can monitor authentication records. A DMARC policy of 'none' facilitates monitoring without immediate impact on deliverability, and double-checking DNS configurations for errors is essential.

Key opinions

  • Security Gateways: Security gateways like Perception Point can modify messages, breaking authentication.
  • SPF Misconfiguration: Common SPF misconfigurations include exceeding DNS lookup limits and syntax errors.
  • Forwarding Issues: Email forwarding often invalidates SPF, leading to authentication failures.
  • Poor IP Reputation: Low IP reputation negatively impacts deliverability even with correct authentication.
  • DNS Errors: Incorrect DNS configurations, like missing full stops, can prevent email delivery.
  • DMARC Reports: DMARC aggregate reports help identify sources failing authentication checks.

Key considerations

  • Verify Configuration: Routinely verify sending domain configuration within Klaviyo for correct SPF and DKIM.
  • Monitor IP Reputation: Monitor IP address reputation and consider using a dedicated IP.
  • Analyze DMARC Reports: Regularly analyze DMARC reports to pinpoint authentication failures and their sources.
  • Use a 'None' DMARC Policy: Initially use a DMARC policy of 'none' for monitoring purposes without immediate impact on deliverability.
  • Check for Forwarding: Review email server configurations for unexpected forwarding rules.
  • Utilize Monitoring Tools: Employ tools to monitor SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records for validity and configuration accuracy.
  • Use Custom Domains: Use a custom domain to build trust with users and allow for better custom SPF, DKIM and DMARC control.
Marketer view

Email marketer from GlockApps explains that their tool can monitor your SPF, DKIM and DMARC records to ensure they are valid and to check your mail server configuration

December 2022 - GlockApps
Marketer view

Email marketer from Mailchimp explains that using your own domain helps build trust with customers by having your email appear with your brand, and also enables you to setup custom SPF, DKIM and DMARC records that can be properly configured and managed.

May 2024 - Mailchimp
Marketer view

Email marketer from DMARC Analyzer explains that a mistake in your DNS configuration will cause problems authenticating your email and getting the email delivered. They recomend double and triple checking for missing fullstops at the end and other small common mistakes.

October 2023 - DMARC Analyzer
Marketer view

Email marketer from Mailjet shares that verifying your sending domain configuration within Klaviyo is crucial to ensure proper SPF and DKIM setup. This includes confirming that the necessary DNS records are correctly configured.

September 2021 - Mailjet
Marketer view

Marketer from Email Geeks explains that Perception Point, as a security gateway, might be modifying the message, inserting banners, or rewriting links, which could break authentication.

December 2022 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Email marketer from EmailOnAcid explains that poor IP address reputation can impact deliverability even with correct authentication. They recommend monitoring IP reputation and using dedicated IP addresses.

May 2021 - EmailOnAcid
Marketer view

Email marketer from Litmus explains that a DMARC policy of 'none' will report on authentication failures, but will not reject or quarantine emails, which helps monitor for issues without affecting deliverability initially.

December 2021 - Litmus
Marketer view

Email marketer from Mailhardener shares that common SPF misconfigurations, such as exceeding the 10 DNS lookup limit or syntax errors, can cause SPF failures. They recommend using tools to validate your SPF record.

November 2024 - Mailhardener
Marketer view

Email marketer from Reddit explains that analyzing DMARC aggregate reports can help identify sources failing authentication. These reports highlight IP addresses sending emails on your behalf and whether they are passing SPF and DKIM checks.

March 2024 - Reddit
Marketer view

Email marketer from Email Marketing Forum warns about hidden or forgotten email forwarding rules set up on mail servers that can break SPF. They suggest reviewing server configurations for any unexpected forwarding.

June 2022 - Email Marketing Forum

What the experts say
4Expert opinions

Email authentication failures when using Klaviyo DKIM and SPF can stem from compromised machines, generic spam, or email forwarding. SPF is particularly vulnerable to forwarding because the forwarder's IP address will not match the authorized IPs in the SPF record. Monitoring DMARC records is crucial for gaining insights into authentication failures and diagnosing the root cause. If the 'mail from' and DKIM signature match the normal mail, it is likely forwarding is the problem.

Key opinions

  • Unauthenticated Sources: IP addresses may be unauthenticated due to compromised machines, spam, or forwarding.
  • SPF and Forwarding: SPF failures often result from email forwarding where the forwarder's IP is not authorized.
  • Mail From and DKIM Match: If 'mail from' and DKIM match normal mail, forwarding is likely the issue.
  • DMARC Monitoring: Monitoring DMARC records provides insights into authentication failures and aids in diagnosis.

Key considerations

  • Identify Unauthenticated Sources: Investigate listed IP addresses to determine if they are compromised, spam sources, or forwarders.
  • Implement SRS: Consider using Sender Rewriting Scheme (SRS) to mitigate SPF issues with forwarding.
  • Regularly Review DMARC: Implement a process to routinely review your DMARC reports.
  • Check 'Mail From' and DKIM: Check 'mail from' and DKIM signatures to determine whether these are usual for email being sent.
Expert view

Expert from Spam Resource explains that SPF is susceptible to forwarding issues because the forwarder's server IP won't match the original sender's authorized IP in the SPF record. He recommends using SRS (Sender Rewriting Scheme) to address this.

January 2023 - Spam Resource
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks suggests that if the 'mail from' and DKIM signature match your normal mail, it's almost guaranteed to be forwarding causing the issue.

May 2024 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks explains that the listed IP addresses are unauthenticated sources of email. They could be compromised machines, email forwarding, or generic spam.

March 2022 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Word to the Wise explains it is critical to test and monitor DMARC records. This provides key insights into potential authentication failures, by monitoring mail streams it is easy to diagnose the root cause of a DKIM and SPF authentication problem.

August 2021 - Word to the Wise

What the documentation says
4Technical articles

Email authentication failures with Klaviyo DKIM and SPF can be attributed to several technical factors. DKIM failures frequently arise from email forwarding, which invalidates the original DKIM signature. SPF failures occur when the sending server's IP address doesn't match the authorized IPs in the domain's SPF record, potentially due to incorrect SPF configuration. A DKIM selector mismatch, where the selector in the DKIM signature doesn't align with the DNS record, is another cause. Finally, SPF inherently has limitations with forwarded email, further complicating authentication.

Key findings

  • DKIM and Forwarding: DKIM failures in Klaviyo often result from email forwarding.
  • SPF IP Mismatch: SPF failures occur when the sending server's IP doesn't match the SPF record.
  • DKIM Selector Mismatch: DKIM selector mismatches can cause authentication failures.
  • SPF Limitations with Forwarding: SPF inherently has limitations when dealing with forwarded email.

Key considerations

  • Investigate Forwarding: Check for and address email forwarding issues to resolve DKIM failures.
  • Verify SPF Configuration: Ensure correct SPF configuration, including authorized sending server IPs.
  • Check DKIM Settings: Verify DKIM settings and DNS records to resolve selector mismatches.
  • Understand SPF Limitations: Be aware of SPF limitations with forwarded email and implement mitigation strategies.
Technical article

Documentation from Google explains that SPF has limitations with forwarded email. When an email is forwarded, the original SPF record may no longer be valid, leading to authentication issues.

May 2021 - Google
Technical article

Documentation from SocketLabs explains that SPF failures occur when the sending server's IP address doesn't match the IPs authorized in the domain's SPF record. This can be due to incorrect SPF configuration or using a sending server not included in the SPF record.

July 2021 - SocketLabs
Technical article

Documentation from SparkPost shares that a DKIM selector mismatch occurs when the selector in the DKIM signature doesn't match the selector specified in the DNS record. They recommend checking Klaviyo's DKIM settings and DNS records.

August 2021 - SparkPost
Technical article

Documentation from Klaviyo explains that DKIM failures in Klaviyo often stem from email forwarding. When an email is forwarded, the original DKIM signature becomes invalid, leading to authentication issues.

October 2022 - Klaviyo