What are the possible reasons for an increase in bot signups and how to detect/prevent them?

Summary

An increase in bot signups can be attributed to various motivations, including SEO spamming, subscription bombing, attempts to sabotage systems, phishing attacks, vulnerability testing, and the intent to exploit mailing lists. Detection methods involve analyzing audit trails, email address patterns, traffic patterns, user agents, geographic locations, device fingerprints, and monitoring signup conversion rates for unusual spikes. Prevention strategies encompass implementing CAPTCHAs, honeypot fields, rate limiting, email verification, device fingerprinting, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), email authentication protocols (SPF, DKIM, DMARC), confirmation processes like double opt-in, and utilizing specialized bot management solutions such as Cloudflare, Akamai, and Google reCAPTCHA, which use advanced techniques like traffic analysis, behavioral analysis, risk analysis, and reputation scoring.

Key findings

  • Bot Signup Motivations: Motivations include SEO spam, subscription bombing, sabotage, phishing, vulnerability testing, and mailing list exploitation.
  • Detection Methods: Detection involves analyzing audit trails, email patterns, traffic, user agents, geographic locations, device fingerprints, and monitoring conversion rates.
  • Prevention Techniques: Prevention includes CAPTCHAs, honeypot fields, rate limiting, email verification, device fingerprinting, IDS, email authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC), double opt-in, and specialized bot management solutions.
  • Bot Management Solutions: Cloudflare, Akamai, and Google reCAPTCHA employ techniques such as traffic analysis, behavioral analysis, risk analysis, and reputation scoring.
  • Email Authentication: Email authentication protocols (SPF, DKIM, DMARC) help prevent bots from spoofing domains.

Key considerations

  • Audit Trail Analysis: Analyzing audit trails provides insights into the origin and patterns of bot signups.
  • Traffic and Pattern Analysis: Analyzing traffic, email address patterns, and user agents helps detect coordinated bot activities.
  • Adaptive Security Measures: Implement adaptive security measures that evolve with new bot behaviors to maintain effectiveness.
  • Reputation Scoring Systems: Use reputation scoring systems to assess the trustworthiness of traffic sources.
  • Device Fingerprinting for Bot Detection: Implement device fingerprinting to identify bots based on unique browser and device characteristics.
  • Honeypot Field Effectiveness: Using honeypot fields as a deceptive method to identify and block bots effectively.
  • Proactive Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of network traffic is essential for early detection of bot signups.

What email marketers say
12Marketer opinions

An increase in bot signups can stem from various motives, including malicious attacks, phishing attempts, or simply automated services filling forms indiscriminately. Detection methods involve analyzing patterns in signups, such as similar email structures, IP addresses from known bad sources, unusual user agents, and suspicious device fingerprints. Prevention techniques include implementing CAPTCHAs, honeypot fields, rate limiting, email verification, device fingerprinting, and employing bot management solutions like Cloudflare or Akamai.

Key opinions

  • Motives: Bot signups are driven by several factors, including malicious attacks, phishing attempts, vulnerability probing, and paid signup services.
  • Detection Methods: Identifying bot activity involves analyzing signup patterns, such as email structures, IP addresses, user agents, geographic locations, and device fingerprints.
  • Prevention Techniques: Preventative measures include CAPTCHAs, honeypot fields, rate limiting, email verification, device fingerprinting, and specialized bot management solutions.
  • Cloudflare/Akamai: Cloudflare and Akamai offer robust bot management solutions that analyze traffic patterns and mitigate automated threats.
  • Conversion Rates: Monitoring signup conversion rates can reveal unusual spikes indicative of bot activity.

Key considerations

  • Honeypot fields: Implementing honeypot fields can effectively trick bots into revealing their automated nature.
  • Email Verification: Email verification confirms email addresses and prevents bots from using fake accounts.
  • Rate Limiting: Rate limiting reduces the number of signups from a single IP within a timeframe can mitigate bot attacks.
  • Bot Patterns: Identifying patterns such as email structure, common user agents, and IP addresses is an excellent means of detection.
  • Conversion Spikes: Monitoring conversion rates and spikes can signal bot activity.
Marketer view

Email marketer from Email Geeks mentions Akamai's Bot Manager as a tool for deterring bots but notes that the sales team primarily recommends captchas.

November 2022 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Email marketer from Email Geeks suggests that bot signups could be attempts to take someone out, phishing attacks targeting form recipients, or vulnerability tests to extract information from the server.

April 2022 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Email marketer from Tech Blog suggests analyzing signup source IP addresses to identify bot activity. Often, bots originate from known hosting providers or VPNs. Creating a blocklist of these IPs can prevent bot signups.

January 2024 - Tech Blog
Marketer view

Email marketer from Reddit shares that rate limiting the number of signups from a single IP address within a specific timeframe can mitigate bot attacks. They suggest monitoring signup frequency and blocking suspicious IPs.

May 2021 - Reddit
Marketer view

Email marketer from InfoSec Community suggests using device fingerprinting to identify bots based on browser and operating system characteristics. This helps in detecting and blocking bots that mimic human behavior.

December 2022 - InfoSec Community
Marketer view

Email marketer from Security Blog explains that identifying patterns in bot signups, such as similar email address structures, common user agents, or geographic locations, can help detect bot activity. They suggest monitoring these patterns and creating rules to block them.

June 2021 - Security Blog
Marketer view

Email marketer from Stack Overflow shares that implementing CAPTCHAs is a common method to prevent automated signups. They suggest using CAPTCHAs on signup forms to differentiate between human users and bots.

September 2022 - Stack Overflow
Marketer view

Email marketer from Webmaster Forum explains that using honeypot fields (fields invisible to users but detectable by bots) can effectively block bots. They recommend adding these fields to forms, so bots will fill them out, revealing their automated nature.

April 2024 - Webmaster Forum
Marketer view

Email marketer from Web Development Forum shares that implementing email verification can prevent bot signups by confirming the email address's validity. They suggest sending a confirmation email and requiring users to click a link to activate their account.

October 2024 - Web Development Forum
Marketer view

Email marketer from Email Marketing Forum suggests monitoring signup conversion rates to detect unusual spikes indicative of bot activity. A sudden increase in signups with low conversion rates may signal a bot attack.

March 2022 - Email Marketing Forum
Marketer view

Email marketer from Email Geeks explains that CloudFlare can catch sophisticated bot activity due to its broad view of internet traffic and ability to fingerprint automated behavior. Competitors like Fastly and Akamai offer similar capabilities.

June 2021 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Email marketer from Email Geeks explains that bots submitting addresses are often services for hire that don't care about the purpose. He also mentions seeing targeted attacks where subscription messages flood an address to bury legitimate tax-related emails.

December 2024 - Email Geeks

What the experts say
6Expert opinions

The rise in bot signups is attributed to various reasons, including SEO spamming, subscription bombing, sabotage attempts, and the intent to exploit mailing lists. Detecting these signups involves analyzing audit trails and email address patterns. Prevention strategies encompass using confirmation processes like double opt-in, implementing email authentication protocols (SPF, DKIM, DMARC), and employing services such as Cloudflare, Google reCAPTCHA, and fraud detection tools. Captchas can also improve conversion rates by filtering out bots.

Key opinions

  • Motives for Bot Signups: Bot signups are motivated by SEO spamming, subscription bombing, sabotage attempts, and the desire to exploit mailing lists.
  • Detection Methods: Detection involves analyzing audit trails and scrutinizing email address patterns.
  • Prevention Strategies: Effective prevention includes double opt-in, email authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC), and services like Cloudflare and Google reCAPTCHA.
  • Captcha Benefits: Captchas can enhance conversion rates by filtering out bot signups.

Key considerations

  • Double Opt-in: Implementing a double opt-in process is crucial for verifying user intent and reducing bot signups.
  • Email Authentication: SPF, DKIM, and DMARC protocols help prevent bots from spoofing domains and registering with fake addresses.
  • Fraud Detection: Services like Cloudflare and Google reCAPTCHA are essential for blocking suspicious traffic and preventing bots.
  • Audit Trail Analysis: Analyzing audit trails provides valuable insights into the origin and patterns of bot signups.
  • Email Pattern Analysis: Examining email address patterns helps in identifying coordinated bot activities.
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks and Email marketer from Email Geeks recommend using services like CloudFlare, Google zerocaptcha, or fraud detection services to block suspicious traffic and prevent bots from landing on the page.

November 2023 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks states that the intent behind bot signups is often to have the recipient send mail to those addresses. He also suggests looking at email address patterns and considers the possibility of an affiliate program.

July 2024 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from SpamResource explains that using a confirmation process, like double opt-in, helps verify the user's intent and reduces the likelihood of bot signups. This ensures that only genuine users are added to the mailing list.

May 2021 - SpamResource
Expert view

Expert from SpamResource explains that implementing email authentication protocols (SPF, DKIM, DMARC) helps to prevent bots from spoofing legitimate domains and registering with fake email addresses. This helps to improve overall email deliverability and prevent spam.

May 2024 - SpamResource
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks shares several reasons for bot signups, including SEO spammers, subscription bombing, and competitors trying to sabotage the system. He recommends looking at the audit trail for signup hints.

January 2025 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks notes that captchas can improve conversion rates by stopping bots from submitting fake addresses, thus reducing the denominator in the conversion rate calculation.

October 2023 - Email Geeks

What the documentation says
5Technical articles

An increase in bot signups exposes web applications to automated threats. Solutions like Cloudflare, Google reCAPTCHA, and Akamai employ techniques such as traffic analysis, behavioral analysis, device fingerprinting, and reputation scoring to detect and mitigate these threats. Implementing security measures like CAPTCHAs, rate limiting, and input validation is also crucial. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) help by analyzing network traffic for suspicious bot-related activities.

Key findings

  • Traffic Analysis: Cloudflare analyzes traffic patterns to identify and mitigate automated threats.
  • Risk Analysis: Google reCAPTCHA uses advanced risk analysis to protect against fraudulent activities and adapt to new bot behavior.
  • Bot Detection Methods: Akamai employs behavioral analysis, device fingerprinting, and reputation scoring to identify bots.
  • Security Measures: OWASP recommends implementing security measures like CAPTCHAs, rate limiting, and input validation to mitigate automated threats.
  • Network Analysis: SANS Institute suggests using Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to analyze network traffic for suspicious bot activities.

Key considerations

  • Adaptive Risk Analysis: Employ adaptive risk analysis that evolves with new bot behaviors to maintain effectiveness.
  • Behavioral Analysis: Use behavioral analysis to identify bots based on their actions and patterns.
  • Device Fingerprinting: Implement device fingerprinting to detect bots based on unique browser and device characteristics.
  • Reputation Scoring: Utilize reputation scoring to assess the trustworthiness of traffic sources.
  • IDS Implementation: Integrate Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) for continuous monitoring of network traffic and early detection of suspicious activities.
Technical article

Documentation from Google explains that reCAPTCHA uses advanced risk analysis techniques to protect websites from fraudulent activities. It adapts to new bot behavior and can provide a seamless user experience while distinguishing between humans and bots.

February 2025 - Google
Technical article

Documentation from Akamai shares that their bot detection methods use behavioral analysis, device fingerprinting, and reputation scoring to identify bots. This helps in distinguishing malicious bots from legitimate traffic and taking appropriate actions.

March 2021 - Akamai
Technical article

Documentation from Cloudflare explains that their bot management solutions analyze traffic patterns and challenge suspicious requests. It includes identifying and mitigating automated traffic, preventing account takeovers, and blocking malicious bots.

July 2021 - Cloudflare
Technical article

Documentation from SANS Institute mentions using Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to analyze network traffic and identify suspicious patterns, including bot-related activities. This can help in detecting and blocking bot signups.

June 2023 - SANS Institute
Technical article

Documentation from OWASP explains that web applications are vulnerable to automated threats such as bot attacks. They recommend implementing security measures like CAPTCHAs, rate limiting, and input validation to mitigate these threats.

December 2021 - OWASP