How should different bounce types be classified and handled by ESPs?

Summary

The collective insights from marketers, experts, and ESP documentation emphasize a robust approach to bounce management. The consensus centers on classifying bounces as 'hard' or 'soft,' with hard bounces (permanent failures) mandating immediate removal from email lists to safeguard sender reputation. Soft bounces (temporary issues) warrant retries, followed by eventual suppression if unresolved. Automation by ESPs is vital for this process. While the hard/soft classification is dominant, some suggest a more nuanced 'remove from future mailings' approach. Maintaining a low bounce rate (under 2%) is crucial for deliverability. Proper list hygiene, reputation management, and tracking bounces are key considerations. Google's spam detection further highlights the importance of sending only to valid addresses. Furthermore it is essential to differentiate between temporary and permanent email delivery failures.

Key findings

  • Bounce Classification: The primary classification is between 'hard' (permanent) and 'soft' (temporary) bounces.
  • Hard Bounce Handling: Hard bounces necessitate immediate removal from email lists.
  • Soft Bounce Handling: Soft bounces should be retried but eventually suppressed after a set period or number of attempts.
  • Automation: ESPs should automate bounce processing and list management.
  • Low Bounce Rate: Maintaining a low bounce rate (ideally below 2%) is critical for deliverability.
  • Reputation Impact: High bounce rates negatively impact sender reputation.
  • Alternate Approach: An alternate approach suggests a nuanced 'remove from future mailings' classification beyond strictly hard/soft.
  • Google's Spam Detection: Google actively detects and prevents spam by monitoring sending patterns to invalid addresses.
  • Differentiate Failures: It is essential to distinguish between temporary and permanent email delivery failures.

Key considerations

  • List Hygiene: Maintain a clean email list by regularly removing hard bounces.
  • Reputation Management: Implement proper bounce handling procedures to protect sender reputation.
  • Automation Implementation: Effectively utilize ESP automation features for bounce management.
  • Bounce Rate Monitoring: Consistently monitor bounce rates to identify and address deliverability issues.
  • Soft Bounce Strategy: Define a clear strategy for handling soft bounces, including retry limits and eventual suppression.
  • Address permanent failures: Prioritise addressing permanent failures

What email marketers say
11Marketer opinions

The provided responses converge on the importance of classifying email bounces, primarily into 'hard' and 'soft' categories, and implementing appropriate handling procedures. Hard bounces, representing permanent delivery failures, should be immediately removed from mailing lists to protect sender reputation. Soft bounces, indicating temporary issues, can be retried for a limited period before being treated as hard bounces. ESPs are expected to automate this process, and maintaining a low bounce rate (below 2%) is critical for email deliverability.

Key opinions

  • Bounce Classification: Bounces are categorized into hard (permanent failure) and soft (temporary issue) bounces.
  • Hard Bounce Handling: Hard bounces should be immediately removed from the mailing list.
  • Soft Bounce Handling: Soft bounces can be retried, but eventually treated as hard bounces if the problem persists.
  • Automation by ESPs: ESPs should automate bounce processing and list management.
  • Bounce Rate Impact: High bounce rates negatively impact sender reputation and deliverability.
  • Deliverability Threshold: A bounce rate below 2% is generally considered good for deliverability.

Key considerations

  • List Hygiene: Maintaining a clean email list by promptly removing hard bounces is essential.
  • Reputation Management: Proper bounce handling is crucial for protecting sender reputation and ensuring high deliverability.
  • ESP Capabilities: Leverage ESPs' capabilities to automate bounce processing and list management.
  • Monitoring and Analysis: Regularly monitor and analyze bounce rates to identify and address deliverability issues.
  • Use of tools and methods: Tools such as Regex and ESP API's should be considered
Marketer view

Email marketer from MailerLite shares that ESPs should automatically process bounces, distinguishing between hard and soft bounces. Hard bounces should result in immediate removal from the subscriber list to protect sender reputation. Soft bounces can be retried for a limited time, after which they should be treated as hard bounces.

March 2022 - MailerLite
Marketer view

Marketer from Email Geeks explains that both bounces are "hard" bounces, and as an ESP, they would stop attempting to deliver messages to those addresses and advise customers to suppress them.

January 2022 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Email marketer from Neil Patel's Blog explains that high bounce rates negatively affect sender reputation and deliverability. ESPs monitor bounce rates, and exceeding acceptable thresholds can lead to blocked emails. Clean email lists and proper bounce handling are crucial for maintaining good deliverability.

July 2022 - Neil Patel's Blog
Marketer view

Email marketer from StackOverflow user shares that you can use regex to classify bounces from incoming email. Most ESP's have API's that do all the work for you.

March 2024 - StackOverflow
Marketer view

Email marketer from Reddit explains that most ESPs automatically handle bounce processing. It is essential that hard bounces are immediately removed, whereas soft bounces should be retried up to a reasonable limit set by your ESP.

October 2022 - Reddit
Marketer view

Email marketer from GlockApps shares that ESPs must implement proper bounce handling procedures to maintain good sender reputation. This involves automatically processing hard bounces and suppressing those email addresses immediately, while carefully monitoring and handling soft bounces.

October 2023 - GlockApps
Marketer view

Email marketer from Litmus explains that it is important to understand your bounce rate which is the total bounces divided by the number of emails sent. Good deliverability is often associated with a bounce rate below 2%.

September 2024 - Litmus
Marketer view

Marketer from Email Geeks explains that 5xx errors are generally hard bounces, with rare exceptions.

July 2021 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Email marketer from HubSpot explains that email bounces fall into two main categories: hard bounces and soft bounces. Hard bounces are permanent failures that should be immediately removed from your email list, while soft bounces are temporary issues that can be retried.

March 2024 - HubSpot
Marketer view

Email marketer from DigitalMarketer explains that actively managing your email list health will improve your email deliverability. Immediately remove hard bounces, and understand the reasons behind soft bounces.

July 2023 - DigitalMarketer
Marketer view

Marketer from Email Geeks simply states the bounces should be classified as "Hard".

February 2025 - Email Geeks

What the experts say
3Expert opinions

Experts emphasize the importance of proper bounce handling for maintaining email list hygiene and sender reputation. They highlight the need to differentiate between temporary and permanent failures, suggesting immediate removal of addresses causing permanent bounces. One expert proposes a nuanced approach beyond strict hard/soft classifications, advocating for removing addresses from future mailings. Tracking bounces and deliverability is considered critical for effective email marketing.

Key opinions

  • Differentiate Failures: It is essential to distinguish between temporary and permanent email delivery failures.
  • Immediate Removal: Addresses with permanent failures should be immediately removed from the mailing list.
  • Beyond Hard/Soft: Classifying bounces strictly as 'hard' or 'soft' may be insufficient; consider a more nuanced approach.
  • Tracking Bounces: Tracking bounces and overall deliverability is critical for effective email marketing.

Key considerations

  • List Hygiene: Prioritize maintaining a clean email list to safeguard sender reputation.
  • Nuanced Classification: Consider alternative bounce classifications beyond traditional 'hard' and 'soft' categories.
  • Deliverability Tracking: Implement robust bounce and deliverability tracking mechanisms.
  • Proactive Management: Take proactive steps in bounce management to ensure email marketing success.
Expert view

Expert from SpamResource explains that when identifying and managing non-desirable addresses within an email list, it's essential to differentiate between temporary and permanent failures. Immediate removal of email addresses experiencing permanent failures is crucial for maintaining list hygiene and safeguarding sender reputation.

April 2022 - SpamResource
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks suggests classifying the bounces as "remove the address from future mailings" instead of strictly "hard" or "soft", indicating the current bounce management system is flawed.

August 2021 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Word to the Wise shares the importance of tracking bounces and how bounces are broken down. They share that bounce handling and proper tracking of deliverability are critical for good email marketing.

May 2023 - Word to the Wise

What the documentation says
5Technical articles

Email service providers (ESPs) and email platforms (like AWS SES, Mailjet, SendGrid, Gmail) categorize email bounces primarily as 'hard' or 'soft.' Hard bounces signify permanent delivery failures, such as invalid email addresses, necessitating immediate removal from mailing lists. Soft bounces indicate temporary issues, like full mailboxes, and are typically retried before eventual suppression. Google and Gmail implement methods to reduce spam based on sending to many invalid emails. Delivery Status Notifications (DSNs) provide technical error codes and classifications.

Key findings

  • Bounce Categories: Bounces are primarily classified as hard and soft by major ESPs.
  • Hard Bounce Handling: Hard bounces result in immediate removal of email addresses from mailing lists.
  • Soft Bounce Handling: Soft bounces are retried, but lead to eventual suppression if the problem persists.
  • Spam Prevention: Gmail/Google Workspace uses methods to reduce spam based on sending to invalid addresses.
  • DSNs: Delivery Status Notifications (DSNs) provide technical codes for delivery failures.

Key considerations

  • List Hygiene: Regularly remove hard bounces to maintain a clean and healthy email list.
  • Automated Suppression: Implement automated processes to handle bounce classification and suppression.
  • Retry Strategies: Employ retry strategies for soft bounces within defined limits.
  • Monitoring: Monitor bounce rates and address patterns of failures.
  • DSN Usage: Utilize DSN codes for more advanced bounce diagnostics and handling logic
Technical article

Documentation from Mailjet explains that bounce types should be classified as either 'hard' or 'soft'. Mailjet automatically handles bounces, suppressing hard bounces to protect sender reputation. Soft bounces are retried a number of times before being considered a hard bounce.

August 2024 - Mailjet
Technical article

Documentation from RFC Editor provides technical details about Delivery Status Notifications (DSNs). It defines codes and classifications to specify the type of error/failure that occurred during email delivery.

December 2023 - RFC Editor
Technical article

Documentation from Amazon Web Services explains that AWS SES categorizes bounces as hard or soft. Hard bounces indicate permanent delivery failures (e.g., invalid email address), requiring immediate removal from the mailing list. Soft bounces indicate temporary issues (e.g., mailbox full), prompting retries and eventual removal after repeated failures.

July 2022 - Amazon Web Services
Technical article

Documentation from Google Workspace explains that Gmail uses sophisticated methods to detect invalid email addresses to reduce the amount of spam received and improve reliability. If a user is sending email to many invalid addresses, that is a sign that it might be spam and they may apply additional spam prevention measures.

July 2022 - Google
Technical article

Documentation from SendGrid shares that hard bounces indicate a permanent failure, such as a non-existent email address, and these should be immediately removed from the sending list. Soft bounces are temporary issues, like a full inbox, and can be retried, but after multiple soft bounces, the address should be suppressed.

May 2021 - SendGrid