How can I resolve DMARC verification failures when using a subdomain for email sending?

Summary

Resolving DMARC verification failures when using a subdomain involves a multi-faceted approach. Key actions include proper configuration of SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records, understanding and managing DMARC policy inheritance, and consistent testing and monitoring. Using online analyzers helps identify syntax errors and configuration issues. Subdomains require explicit DMARC records if their policy differs from the parent domain. Strict SPF alignment is preferred, and the SPF lookup limit must be observed. Email forwarding can disrupt SPF. DKIM alignment is crucial. Warming up the subdomain's IP and verifying DNS propagation are important. DMARC reporting provides insights, and regular testing is essential, particularly after changes.

Key findings

  • DMARC Policy: Subdomains inherit parent domain's DMARC policy; explicit records needed for different policies.
  • DNS Configuration: Misconfigured DNS records (SPF, DKIM) are a primary cause of failures. Verify syntax and settings.
  • SPF Alignment: Strict SPF alignment enhances security and avoids failures.
  • SPF Limits: Exceeding SPF lookup limits causes SPF failures, impacting DMARC.
  • DKIM Alignment: DKIM alignment is critical for DMARC success.
  • Testing is Vital: Testing should be a frequent step of the process to ensure DMARC passes.
  • Reporting: DMARC Reporting offers good insights into errors

Key considerations

  • Explicit Subdomain Policies: If a subdomain requires a unique DMARC policy, define it explicitly.
  • Regular Testing: Test DMARC configuration regularly, especially after DNS changes.
  • Monitoring: Implement DMARC reporting to monitor and address issues proactively.
  • DNS Propagation: Verify DNS record propagation after making changes.
  • Warmup IP: Warm up subdomain IP before sending large volumes of email.

What email marketers say
10Marketer opinions

Resolving DMARC verification failures when using subdomains involves several key areas: DMARC record configuration, DNS settings, SPF and DKIM alignment, and subdomain reputation. Testing, monitoring, and proper setup are all vital. A common suggestion is to create a separate DMARC record for the subdomain with a 'none' policy during testing. Ensuring SPF and DKIM records are correctly configured and validated is critical. Adhering to SPF lookup limits and using strict SPF alignment are also advised. Furthermore, email forwarding can break SPF, leading to DMARC failures. Warming up the subdomain's IP address and ensuring DKIM alignment are also crucial. Finally, verifying DNS propagation and using online tools to test DMARC configuration before going live can prevent issues.

Key opinions

  • DMARC Record: A separate DMARC record with a 'none' policy during testing is recommended for subdomains.
  • DNS Configuration: Misconfigured DNS records, especially SPF and DKIM, are a common cause of DMARC failures. Validation is crucial.
  • SPF Alignment: Using strict SPF alignment is preferable to relaxed mode to enhance security and compliance.
  • SPF Limits: Exceeding SPF lookup limits can cause SPF failures, which in turn affects DMARC compliance
  • Email Forwarding: Email forwarding can break SPF authentication, leading to DMARC failures, especially for transactional emails.
  • DKIM Alignment: Ensuring DKIM alignment is critical for DMARC to pass, as misalignment is a common cause of failures.
  • Testing Tools: Using online tools to simulate email sending and check DMARC/SPF/DKIM results is advised.

Key considerations

  • Testing: Continuously test DMARC configuration after any changes to avoid unexpected failures.
  • Monitoring: Monitor DMARC reports to identify and address issues proactively.
  • DNS Propagation: Verify DNS propagation after making any DNS record changes before sending live emails.
  • Subdomain Reputation: Warm up the subdomain IP gradually to build a positive sender reputation.
Marketer view

Email marketer from Postmark shares that properly warming up the IP address associated with the subdomain is essential for deliverability. Sending low volumes initially and gradually increasing it helps build a positive sender reputation.

August 2023 - Postmark
Marketer view

Email marketer from Valimail shares that a common cause of DMARC failures is misconfigured DNS records for the subdomain, particularly SPF and DKIM. It's crucial to ensure these records are correctly set up and validated.

August 2023 - Valimail
Marketer view

Email marketer from EasyDMARC responds that implementing a 'relaxed' SPF mode can sometimes cause DMARC failures on subdomains. It recommends using 'strict' SPF alignment where possible for better security and compliance.

December 2021 - EasyDMARC
Marketer view

Email marketer from EmailToolTester shares that using online tools to simulate email sending and check DMARC/SPF/DKIM results is a good way to test the configuration before going live.

October 2021 - EmailToolTester
Marketer view

Email marketer from Reddit User u/mailauthguy shares that exceeding the SPF record lookup limit (10 DNS lookups) can cause SPF failures, which in turn affects DMARC. This is more likely to occur with subdomains if they include many third-party services.

January 2024 - Reddit
Marketer view

Email marketer from AuthSMTP explains that after making changes to DNS records (SPF, DKIM, DMARC) for the subdomain, it's important to check that these changes have propagated globally before sending email.

October 2024 - AuthSMTP
Marketer view

Marketer from Email Geeks suggests creating a separate DMARC record for the subdomain with a policy of 'none' during testing to resolve bounce issues.

October 2024 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Email marketer from MXToolbox responds that using their DMARC record lookup tool can help identify issues with the subdomain's DMARC record, such as syntax errors or incorrect policy settings.

October 2021 - MXToolbox
Marketer view

Email marketer from Mailjet shares that ensuring DKIM alignment (where the 'd' tag in the DKIM signature matches the domain used in the 'From' address) is critical for DMARC to pass. Misalignment is a common cause of failures.

April 2023 - Mailjet
Marketer view

Email marketer from StackOverflow User TechGuru123 shares that email forwarding can break SPF authentication, leading to DMARC failures, especially if the subdomain is used for transactional emails that are often forwarded.

December 2024 - StackOverflow

What the experts say
3Expert opinions

Resolving DMARC verification failures for subdomains hinges on accurate record configuration and proactive testing. Experts emphasize the importance of using online DMARC analyzers to detect syntax errors and other configuration issues. A common cause of failures is a simple misconfiguration of the DMARC record itself, requiring careful review of syntax, policy settings, and DNS propagation. Testing your configuration by sending test emails and inspecting headers is also vital, repeating this process after any changes to ensure continued compliance.

Key opinions

  • DMARC Analyzers: Online DMARC analyzers can identify syntax errors and configuration issues.
  • Record Misconfiguration: Misconfigured DMARC records are a common cause of subdomain DMARC failures.
  • Syntax and Settings: Double-check DMARC record syntax and policy settings for accuracy.
  • DNS Propagation: Ensure proper DNS propagation of DMARC records.

Key considerations

  • Proactive Testing: Send test emails and check headers to verify DMARC compliance.
  • Post-Change Verification: Repeat testing after any changes to DMARC records or DNS settings.
Expert view

Expert from Word to the Wise shares that testing your configuration is key. Send a test email to an address you control and check the headers to see if DMARC passes. Repeat this after any changes.

March 2023 - Word to the Wise
Expert view

Expert from Spamresource.com responds that a common issue for subdomain DMARC failures is simply a misconfigured record. They recommend double-checking the syntax, policy settings, and DNS propagation.

September 2021 - Spamresource.com
Expert view

Expert from Spamresource.com suggests to check your DMARC record using an online analyzer. These tools can identify syntax errors and configuration issues that lead to verification failures with subdomains.

October 2021 - Spamresource.com

What the documentation says
5Technical articles

Resolving DMARC verification failures when using subdomains, as highlighted in various documentations, involves understanding DMARC policy inheritance, proper configuration of authentication methods (SPF, DKIM, DMARC), and setting up reporting mechanisms. Subdomains inherit the parent domain's DMARC policy unless a specific policy is defined for the subdomain. Proper DMARC configuration is crucial for preventing spoofing and phishing attacks, especially when using email services like Exchange Online Protection (EOP) or Amazon SES. Setting up DMARC reporting mechanisms also helps in monitoring authentication results and identifying potential issues causing failures.

Key findings

  • Policy Inheritance: Subdomains inherit the parent domain's DMARC policy by default.
  • Subdomain Policy: A specific DMARC record must be created for a subdomain if it needs a different policy than the parent domain.
  • Security: Correct DMARC configuration is essential to prevent spoofing and phishing attacks, especially when using EOP.
  • Authentication Methods: Proper configuration of SPF, DKIM, and DMARC is necessary for deliverability when using SES.
  • Reporting: Setting up DMARC reporting allows for monitoring authentication results.

Key considerations

  • Subdomain Policy Definition: Define specific DMARC policies for subdomains if they require different handling.
  • Authentication Configuration: Ensure SPF, DKIM, and DMARC are properly configured for all sending domains and subdomains.
  • Reporting Setup: Implement DMARC reporting to monitor and troubleshoot authentication issues.
Technical article

Documentation from DMARC.org specifies that subdomains inherit the parent domain's DMARC policy unless a specific subdomain policy is defined. Failure to define a policy can lead to unexpected results.

December 2024 - DMARC.org
Technical article

Documentation from Amazon Web Services explains that when using Amazon SES for sending emails from a subdomain, proper configuration of SPF, DKIM, and DMARC is necessary to ensure deliverability and avoid DMARC failures.

November 2023 - AWS Documentation
Technical article

Documentation from Google Workspace Admin Help explains that DMARC policies are inherited by subdomains. If a subdomain needs a different policy, a specific DMARC record must be created for that subdomain.

September 2023 - Google Workspace Admin Help
Technical article

Documentation from Microsoft Learn explains that if using Exchange Online Protection (EOP), it's crucial to configure DMARC correctly for subdomains to prevent spoofing and phishing attacks.

January 2022 - Microsoft Learn
Technical article

Documentation from RFC 7489 explains that setting up DMARC reporting (both aggregate and forensic) for the subdomain allows for monitoring authentication results and identifying potential issues causing failures.

March 2022 - RFC Editor