Why is Gmail throwing errors and marking my emails as phishing?

Summary

Gmail employs sophisticated machine learning algorithms, informed by signals like sender reputation, content characteristics, and email authentication, to identify and block phishing attempts. Core issues that trigger these filters include poor sender reputation (due to low engagement, high bounce rates, or blocklist inclusions), suspicious content within the email (malicious links, keywords, or attachments), sending from shared IPs with bad reputations, inconsistent sending patterns, and a lack of proper email authentication using SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records. Additionally, Google maintains its own list of bad URLs, and compromised websites or linked content can lead to emails being flagged. Sudden spikes in email volume also contribute to triggering spam filters.

Key findings

  • ML-Based Detection: Gmail employs machine learning models to detect phishing attempts, analyzing numerous factors.
  • Sender Reputation: Poor sender reputation stemming from low engagement, high bounce rates, or blocklisting significantly increases the risk.
  • Suspicious Content: Malicious links, keywords, and attachments trigger phishing filters.
  • Email Authentication: Lack of SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records makes emails appear less trustworthy and more likely to be flagged.
  • Google's URL List: Google maintains a private list of URLs deemed malicious, impacting email deliverability.
  • Website Compromise: A compromised website or linked content can lead to emails being flagged as phishing.
  • Inconsistent Volume: Sudden spikes in email sending volume trigger spam filters.
  • Shared IPs: Shared IP addresses impact the sender reputation
  • Personalisation: Not personalising emails, especially the from and reply-to address can reduce deliverability

Key considerations

  • Improve Sender Reputation: Focus on improving sender reputation by authenticating emails, cleaning email lists, and sending engaging content.
  • Scrub Suspicious Content: Avoid using suspicious links, keywords, or attachments in your emails.
  • Authenticate Emails: Implement and verify SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records to properly authenticate your emails.
  • Monitor Blocklists: Regularly monitor your IP address and domain on blocklists.
  • Investigate Compromises: If flagged, investigate and resolve any security issues that may have compromised your website or sending infrastructure.
  • Gradual Volume Increase: Increase email volume gradually and warm up your IP address to avoid triggering spam filters.
  • Remove bad links: Remove any blacklisted or malicious links
  • Personalise emails: Personalise emails and make sure that the from and reply-to address are valid

What email marketers say
7Marketer opinions

Gmail flags emails as phishing for a variety of reasons related to sender reputation, content, and authentication. Poor sender reputation, often stemming from low engagement, high bounce rates, or blocklist inclusion, is a primary cause. Suspicious content, such as malicious links, keywords, or attachments, also triggers phishing filters. Sending from a shared IP with a bad reputation or exhibiting inconsistent sending patterns exacerbates the issue. Finally, failing to properly authenticate emails with SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records leaves them vulnerable to being flagged as phishing attempts. Personalization can help to improve deliverability.

Key opinions

  • Sender Reputation: Poor sender reputation due to low engagement, high bounce rates, or blocklisting is a major factor.
  • Suspicious Content: The presence of malicious links, keywords, or attachments can trigger phishing filters.
  • Shared IPs: Sending from a shared IP with a poor reputation increases the likelihood of being flagged.
  • Inconsistent Sending: Inconsistent sending patterns, such as sudden spikes in volume, can trigger spam filters.
  • Authentication: Missing or incorrect SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records make emails appear less trustworthy.
  • Personalisation: Personalising emails by checking the from and reply-to address can improve deliverability.

Key considerations

  • Improve Sender Reputation: Authenticate emails, clean email lists, and send engaging content to improve your sender reputation.
  • Avoid Suspicious Content: Ensure that links point to legitimate websites and avoid using suspicious keywords or attachments.
  • Dedicated IP: Consider using a dedicated IP address to maintain control over your sender reputation.
  • Consistent Sending: Establish consistent sending patterns and gradually increase sending volume.
  • Email Authentication: Implement and verify SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records to authenticate your emails.
  • Check blocked links: Ensure the links are not blacklisted.
  • Personalise emails: Personalise emails, especially the from and reply-to address can improve deliverability
Marketer view

Email marketer from Reddit explains that inconsistent sending practices can lead to Gmail flagging emails as phishing. Suddenly sending a large volume of emails or changing sending patterns can trigger Gmail's spam filters.

June 2021 - Reddit
Marketer view

Email marketer from Mailgun shares that a common reason for Gmail flagging emails as phishing is poor sender reputation. This can be due to low engagement rates, high bounce rates, or being listed on blocklists. They recommend improving sender reputation by authenticating emails, cleaning email lists, and sending engaging content.

September 2023 - Mailgun
Marketer view

Email marketer from EmailOctopus shares that sending emails from a shared IP address with a poor reputation can cause Gmail to flag emails as phishing. They suggest using a dedicated IP address to maintain control over sender reputation.

November 2024 - EmailOctopus
Marketer view

Email marketer from Gmass explains that personalization is key to landing in the inbox rather than spam. Personalizing the from and reply-to address can reduce getting flagged by spam filters.

January 2022 - Gmass
Marketer view

Email marketer from Email Marketing Forum suggests checking if any links in your email are on a blocklist or are pointing to domains that have been flagged as malicious. Even if your domain is clean, linking to a problematic domain can trigger phishing filters.

May 2024 - Email Marketing Forum
Marketer view

Email marketer from Stack Overflow shares that missing or incorrect SPF records can cause Gmail to flag emails as phishing. They advise setting up SPF records to authorize sending servers and prevent spoofing.

December 2024 - Stack Overflow
Marketer view

Email marketer from SendPulse explains that Gmail might flag emails as phishing if the content contains suspicious links, keywords, or attachments. They advise avoiding these elements and ensuring that links point to legitimate websites.

September 2024 - SendPulse

What the experts say
6Expert opinions

Gmail marks emails as phishing due to a combination of factors, including Google's private list of bad URLs, indications of phishing activity detected by multiple ISPs, potential compromise of a brand's website hosting a phishing target page, lack of proper email authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC), and sudden spikes in email volume. The core issue often involves compromised links or a lack of sender verification, leading Gmail to flag the emails as potentially harmful.

Key opinions

  • Google's Bad URL List: Google maintains a private list of URLs that it considers malicious.
  • Phishing Indicators: Multiple ISPs reporting phishing activity in your emails is a strong indicator of an actual problem.
  • Website Compromise: A brand's website might be compromised, hosting a phishing target page that's triggering blocks.
  • Authentication Issues: Lack of proper SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records can lead to emails being flagged as phishing attempts.
  • Volume Spikes: Sudden increases in email volume can trigger spam filters.

Key considerations

  • Remove Phishing Site: Identify and remove any phishing sites hosted on your domain.
  • Implement Authentication: Implement and verify SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records to authenticate your emails.
  • Gradual Volume Increase: Gradually increase email volume and warm up your IP address to avoid triggering spam filters.
  • Check linked pages: Check linked pages for malicious content.
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks explains that Google runs its own private list of bad URLs.

August 2024 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Spam Resource suggests that emails are being flagged as phishing due to a lack of proper authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC). Implementing these correctly is crucial for proving the legitimacy of your emails to Gmail.

June 2022 - Spam Resource
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks suggests considering that multiple ISPs reporting phishing in messages likely indicates actual phishing activity using those links.

July 2022 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Word to the Wise indicates that a sudden spike in email volume can trigger Gmail's spam filters and lead to emails being marked as phishing. Gradually increasing sending volume and warming up your IP address are recommended.

September 2023 - Word to the Wise
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks advises to get rid of the phishing site.

August 2023 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks explains somewhere along the line something has been compromised, likely a page on the brand site hosting a phishing target page. The blocks aren't about the mail itself, but about other mail linking to the page to collect information.

April 2023 - Email Geeks

What the documentation says
4Technical articles

Gmail employs sophisticated machine learning models to detect phishing attempts by analyzing sender information, message content, and links. A key factor is email authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC); lack of it increases the likelihood of emails being flagged. Additionally, being listed on blocklists like Spamhaus due to a compromised IP or domain significantly contributes to Gmail marking emails as phishing.

Key findings

  • ML Detection: Gmail uses machine learning to identify suspicious characteristics in messages and evolve to detect new patterns.
  • BEC Detection: Improved models specifically target business email compromise (BEC) attacks.
  • Authentication Importance: Email authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC) is crucial for sender verification and preventing spoofing.
  • Blocklist Impact: Listing on blocklists like Spamhaus leads to emails being flagged as spam or phishing.

Key considerations

  • Implement Authentication: Ensure proper setup of SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records to authenticate your emails.
  • Monitor Blocklists: Regularly monitor your IP address and domain on blocklists like Spamhaus.
  • Address Compromises: If listed on a blocklist, investigate and resolve any security issues that may have led to the listing.
Technical article

Documentation from Google Security Blog shares that Google has improved its machine learning models to better detect business email compromise (BEC) attacks, a type of phishing. These models analyze signals such as sender authentication, email routing, and content characteristics to identify and block malicious messages.

March 2021 - Google Security Blog
Technical article

Documentation from Google Workspace Admin Help explains that Gmail's phishing detection identifies suspicious characteristics in messages, using machine learning models that evolve to identify new patterns. It analyzes various factors like sender information, message content, and links to determine if a message is phishing.

February 2022 - Google Workspace Admin Help
Technical article

Documentation from Spamhaus highlights that if your sending IP address or domain is listed on their blocklists, Gmail is likely to flag your emails as spam or phishing. This can happen if your server has been used to send spam or malicious emails. Regular monitoring is advised.

March 2025 - Spamhaus
Technical article

Documentation from Google Developers emphasizes the importance of email authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC) to prevent email spoofing and phishing. It explains that Gmail is more likely to flag unauthenticated emails as spam or phishing attempts because it can't verify the sender's identity.

June 2024 - Google Developers