What is the Spamhaus content hash blocklist and how does it compare to DCC, Vipul's Razor, and Cloudmark?

Summary

The Spamhaus Content Hash Blocklist (HBL) is a real-time database of hashes of unsolicited bulk email content, effectively identifying and blocking spam based on message content, even from non-blacklisted IPs. It complements the Spamhaus Block List (SBL), which lists IP addresses. Unlike DCC (Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse), which identifies bulk email using checksums of message bodies without considering malicious intent, the HBL focuses on content. Vipul's Razor is a collaborative system relying on user reports and checksums, making it susceptible to manipulation. Cloudmark employs fingerprinting technology, analyzing message content, structure, and sending patterns, adapting to new spam techniques with global threat intelligence. Spamhaus also uses content matching and maintains a reputation system for persistent spam detection. Checking against blocklists like Spamhaus is crucial for email deliverability. The Razor database is used by Cloudmark.

Key findings

  • Spamhaus HBL Effectiveness: Effective at blocking spam based on content, even from legitimate IPs; complements IP-based blocklists.
  • DCC Focus: Identifies bulk email based on checksums, without considering malicious intent.
  • Vipul's Razor Reliance: Relies on user reports, making it susceptible to manipulation and bias.
  • Cloudmark Adaptability: Uses fingerprinting to adapt to new spam techniques and identify variations of known spam.
  • Spamhaus Versatility: Employs content matching and reputation systems for persistent spam detection.
  • Blocklist Importance: Checking against blocklists like Spamhaus is crucial for ensuring email deliverability.

Key considerations

  • DCC Accuracy: Can sometimes flag legitimate bulk email as spam.
  • Vipul's Razor Vulnerability: Susceptible to manipulation if a small group misreports legitimate messages.
  • Spamhaus Reputation: Spamhaus is regarded as a highly effective and commonly used blocklist.
  • Cloudmark Integration: Cloudmark uses The Razor database for enhanced functionality.

What email marketers say
9Marketer opinions

The Spamhaus Content Hash Blocklist (HBL) focuses on identifying spam based on message content, using hashes to detect known spam even from non-blacklisted IPs. DCC (Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse) identifies bulk email through checksums of message bodies, primarily detecting mass mailings. Vipul's Razor relies on user reports to identify spam. Cloudmark employs fingerprinting technology to analyze message content, structure, and sending patterns, incorporating global threat intelligence to adapt to new spam techniques. Accuracy and effectiveness vary, with DCC potentially flagging legitimate bulk email and Vipul's Razor susceptible to manipulation. Spamhaus is considered an effective blocklist, and checking against such lists is crucial for email deliverability.

Key opinions

  • Spamhaus HBL: Identifies spam based on message content hashes, blocking spam even from IPs not on traditional blocklists; complements IP-based lists.
  • DCC: Detects bulk email based on message body checksums, focusing on mass mailings rather than content analysis.
  • Vipul's Razor: Relies heavily on user reports for spam identification, making it vulnerable to manipulation.
  • Cloudmark: Uses fingerprinting to analyze message content and patterns, adapting to new spam techniques with global threat intelligence.
  • Effectiveness: Spamhaus is a widely regarded and effective blocklist for identifying and blocking spam.

Key considerations

  • DCC Accuracy: DCC may sometimes incorrectly flag legitimate bulk email due to similarities with known spam.
  • Vipul's Razor Bias: Vipul's Razor can be susceptible to manipulation if a small group intentionally misreports legitimate messages.
  • Deliverability: Checking against blocklists like Spamhaus is crucial for improving email deliverability.
  • Adaptability: Cloudmark's strength lies in its ability to adapt to new spam techniques through fingerprinting.
Marketer view

Email marketer from Reddit answers that Vipul's Razor relies heavily on user reports, making it susceptible to manipulation or bias if a small group of users intentionally misreports legitimate messages as spam. <https://www.reddit.com/>

December 2023 - Reddit
Marketer view

Email marketer from EmailSecurityPsm explains that Cloudmark's strength lies in its ability to adapt to new spam techniques through its fingerprinting technology. It is designed to recognize variations of known spam messages. <https://emailsecuritypsm.com/email-security-vendors/>

October 2024 - EmailSecurityPsm
Marketer view

Email marketer from Talos Intelligence explains that Cloudmark uses a fingerprinting technology to identify and block spam and malware. It analyzes message content, structure, and sending patterns to create unique identifiers (fingerprints). It incorporates global threat intelligence to enhance its detection capabilities. <https://talosintelligence.com/>

March 2022 - Talos Intelligence
Marketer view

Email marketer from Senderok explains that DCC (Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse) is a system for detecting bulk email based on checksums of message bodies. It primarily identifies messages that are sent in large volumes, without necessarily considering the content's maliciousness. <https://senderok.com/email-marketing-glossary/dcc-distributed-checksum-clearinghouse/>

April 2021 - Senderok
Marketer view

Email marketer from MXToolbox shares that the Spamhaus HBL is most effective at catching content-based spam, even when originating from non-blacklisted IPs. It complements IP-based blocklists like the SBL. <https://mxtoolbox.com/blacklists.aspx>

June 2021 - MXToolbox
Marketer view

Email marketer from StackExchange answers that the Spamhaus HBL focuses specifically on identifying messages with known spam content based on their hash, while DCC looks for bulk messages based on checksums. Vipul's Razor relies heavily on user feedback, and Cloudmark combines content analysis with global threat intelligence. <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23155895/how-do-email-filters-like-spamassassin-db/>

January 2024 - StackExchange
Marketer view

Email marketer from DNSWatch answers that some blocklists are more strict and more commonly used than others. Spamhaus is regarded as one of the most effective and commonly used blocklists. <https://www.dnswatch.info/dns/blacklist>

December 2022 - DNSWatch
Marketer view

Email marketer from DigitalOcean answers that to improve email delivery, you should check and ensure your IP addresses aren't on blocklists like Spamhaus. You can use MXToolbox to check your IP on multiple blocklists. <https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-use-an-smtp-server-to-send-emails-with-postfix-on-ubuntu-20-04>

August 2022 - DigitalOcean
Marketer view

Email marketer from Reddit shares that DCC can sometimes flag legitimate bulk email, especially if it shares similarities with known spam messages. Its accuracy depends on the quality of the checksum database and the specific implementation. <https://www.reddit.com/>

January 2024 - Reddit

What the experts say
7Expert opinions

Spamhaus's content hash blocklist (HBL) is highly effective at identifying spam by analyzing message content, blocking even messages from IPs not traditionally blacklisted, and particularly targeting phishing and malware links. While DCC is primarily a bulk email filter without a reputation component, Spamhaus's HBL is suggested to be closer to Vipul's Razor (user-feedback centric) and Cloudmark (fingerprinting), with potential for evolving into a full BEC/anti-spam solution. Spamhaus also uses content matching. The Razor database, created by Vipul Ved Prakash and Jordan Ritter, is used by Cloudmark. Spamhaus also maintains a reputation system allowing for the detection of spam even when the content changes.

Key opinions

  • Spamhaus HBL Effectiveness: Content hash blocklist is highly effective post-acceptance, especially against phishing/malware.
  • DCC Limitations: DCC lacks a reputation component, functioning merely as a bulk/not bulk filter.
  • Spamhaus HBL Comparison: HBL closer to Vipul's Razor (user-feedback) and Cloudmark (fingerprinting) than DCC; potential evolution into BEC solution.
  • Content Matching: Spamhaus uses content matching to identify spam from IPs not traditionally blacklisted.
  • Reputation System: Spamhaus has a reputation system that enables it to detect spam over time, even when content changes

Key considerations

  • DCC Scope: DCC primarily identifies bulk mail, not inherently malicious content.
  • HBL Discrete Hammer: Spamhaus is a much more discrete hammer, due to its content matching capabilities.
  • Cloudmark Influence: Cloudmark uses The Razor database which provides it with some functionality.
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks shares that Spamhaus has a content hash blocklist which is incredibly effective after mail has been accepted.

January 2025 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks shares that The Razor database by Vipul Ved Prakash and Jordan Ritter allow Unix clients to work out of the same database used by the commercial customers of the Cloudmark system.

November 2022 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks explains that DCC lacks a reputation component and is just an “is it bulk or not” filter. He finds a content or message checksum filter that triggers on messages that Spamhaus flags as having spammy content or spammy domains much more interesting. This brings them into the territory of Cloudmark and others, suggesting Spamhaus might be evolving into a full BEC/email security/anti-spam solution.

October 2024 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Word to the Wise says Spamhaus maintains a reputation system, allowing them to detect and block spam sources, even when the specific content changes. This helps block spam over time.

December 2022 - Word to the Wise
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks explains that DCC is nothing more than "people who run DCC code have seen this mail and reported it as bulk" and that many of them don’t like bulk mail.

June 2021 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks says the Spamhaus stuff could be slightly closer to Vipul’s Razor, but Vipul’s Razor seems to be user-feedback centric versus Spamhaus measurements and a closer cousin to something like a Cloudmark fingerprinting mechanism than DCC is.

May 2024 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Spam Resource explains Spamhaus uses content matching to identify and block spam based on the actual message content, allowing them to block even those messages sent from IPs that aren't on traditional blocklists. They are very effective at identifying and blocking emails that contain links to phishing sites and malware.

November 2022 - Spam Resource

What the documentation says
5Technical articles

The Spamhaus HBL (Hash Blocklist) is a real-time database of unsolicited bulk email content, identifying and blocking spam based on content hashes, even from non-blacklisted IPs. It differs from the Spamhaus SBL (Spamhaus Block List), which lists IP addresses of known spam sources. Vipul's Razor is a collaborative spam detection network that combines user reports and checksums, emphasizing user feedback. Cloudmark uses fingerprinting technology, creating unique message signatures based on content, structure, and sending patterns for accurate spam identification. DCC (Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse) identifies bulk email by computing checksums of message bodies and comparing them to a central database, focusing on mass mailings rather than malicious content.

Key findings

  • Spamhaus HBL: Real-time database of spam content hashes; blocks spam even from legitimate IPs.
  • Spamhaus HBL vs SBL: HBL lists content hashes; SBL lists IP addresses.
  • Vipul's Razor: Collaborative; combines user reports and checksums; emphasizes user feedback.
  • Cloudmark: Uses fingerprinting technology to create unique message signatures; allows identification of slightly modified spam.
  • DCC: Identifies bulk email by checksums; detects mass mailings, not malicious intent.

Key considerations

  • Content vs Source: Spamhaus HBL focuses on content; Spamhaus SBL focuses on the source IP.
  • User Feedback: Vipul's Razor relies heavily on user feedback, potentially introducing bias.
  • Fingerprinting Accuracy: Cloudmark's fingerprinting aims for accurate spam identification even with slight modifications.
  • Bulk vs Malicious: DCC primarily identifies bulk email, not necessarily malicious content.
Technical article

Documentation from Spamhaus explains the HBL lists hashes of known spam content, whereas the SBL (Spamhaus Block List) lists IP addresses of known spam sources. The HBL can block spam even from legitimate IPs if the content matches known spam hashes. <https://www.spamhaus.com/>

September 2022 - Spamhaus
Technical article

Documentation from Apache SpamAssassin Wiki explains Vipul's Razor is a distributed, collaborative, spam detection and filtering network. It uses a combination of user reports and checksums to identify spam. It emphasizes user feedback as a primary component, differentiating it from purely content-based systems. <https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/SPAMASSASSIN/UsingRazor>

February 2023 - Apache SpamAssassin Wiki
Technical article

Documentation from Cloudmark (via the Wayback Machine) explains their fingerprinting technology creates a unique signature of each message based on content, structure, and sending patterns. This allows for accurate identification of spam even when the content is slightly modified. <https://web.archive.org/web/20110724004154/http://www.cloudmark.com/en/products/cloudmark_authority/technical_overview>

August 2021 - Wayback Machine
Technical article

Documentation from DCC explains that DCC focuses on identifying bulk email by computing checksums of message bodies and comparing them to a central database. It primarily detects mass mailings rather than evaluating the content for malicious intent. <http://www.dcc-servers.net/dcc/dcc-intro.html>

July 2022 - DCC
Technical article

Documentation from Spamhaus explains that the Spamhaus Hash Blocklist (HBL) is a real-time database of hashes of unsolicited bulk email content. It's used to identify and block messages with known spam content, even if the sender is not directly blacklisted. <https://www.spamhaus.com/resource-center/hash-blocklists/>

September 2021 - Spamhaus