What causes Gmail TempFail errors and how to troubleshoot them?

Summary

Gmail TempFail errors are temporary delivery failures resulting from a confluence of factors. These include rate limiting by Gmail (requiring slower sending and a better IP reputation), network issues, overloaded servers, throttling, greylisting, spam filtering, and resource constraints on either the sending or receiving server. Furthermore, SPF escalation or DKIM replay attacks, as well as misconfigured or missing SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records, contribute to TempFails. Troubleshooting involves analyzing server logs, monitoring sending rates, verifying authentication, addressing network connectivity, monitoring IP reputation, examining email content, and optimizing queue management. Notably, DKIM validation does not require the recipient to be in the To: field or any signed fields.

Key findings

  • Rate Limiting: Sending emails too quickly leads to "TempFail - Rate limit exceeded" errors.
  • 4xx Deferrals: Rate limiting errors are often indicated by 4xx SMTP deferral codes.
  • Network/Server Issues: Temporary network issues, overloaded servers, or throttling by the recipient server can cause TempFails.
  • Resource Constraints: Resource constraints (CPU/memory) on sending or receiving servers can lead to TempFails.
  • Authentication Issues: Missing or misconfigured SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records are common causes.
  • IP Reputation: Poor IP reputation can significantly increase the frequency of TempFail errors.
  • Greylisting: Receiving servers employing greylisting can temporarily reject emails, causing TempFails.
  • Spam Filtering: Aggressive spam filtering algorithms may flag legitimate emails, resulting in TempFails.
  • DKIM Flexibility: DKIM signatures don't require the recipient to be present in the 'To:' field or any signed field.
  • Potential SPF Escalation/DKIM Replay: TempFails can be caused by SPF escalation attacks, DKIM replay attacks or spoofing from another entity.

Key considerations

  • Monitor Sending Rate: Adjust sending rates to adhere to Gmail's limits; gradually increase as reputation improves.
  • Analyze Server Logs: Regularly review server logs for specific error codes and diagnostic information.
  • Verify Authentication: Ensure accurate and complete configuration of SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records.
  • Optimize Queue Management: Implement efficient queue management procedures on sending servers to prevent overloads.
  • Address Resource Constraints: Monitor and resolve CPU, memory, or I/O bottlenecks on sending and receiving servers.
  • Improve IP Reputation: Proactively manage IP reputation through IP warming, list hygiene, and adherence to best practices.
  • Check Network Connectivity: Verify network paths to Gmail, assessing firewall rules, DNS configurations, and routing.
  • Assess Email Content: Review email content for triggers of spam filters, employing clear and concise messaging.
  • Monitor External Reputation: Keep an eye on how your IP is regarded to flag any reputational errors.

What email marketers say
11Marketer opinions

Gmail TempFail errors are temporary delivery issues that can stem from various causes. These include transient server issues, rate limiting, greylisting, network connectivity problems, spam filtering, authentication issues (SPF, DKIM, DMARC), and IP reputation. Troubleshooting involves checking server logs for specific error messages, monitoring sending rates, verifying authentication settings, assessing network connectivity, and evaluating email content for spam triggers. Proper email authentication and maintaining a good IP reputation are also crucial.

Key opinions

  • Transient Errors: TempFails often manifest as transient or deferred errors in server logs.
  • Connection Rejection: If the connection to Gmail's MTA is not accepted, it can cause TempFails and may not be logged in standard logs.
  • Rate Limiting: "TempFail - Rate limit exceeded" indicates sending too quickly, necessitating a reduction in sending rate.
  • Server Configuration: TempFails often stem from needing to check server logs, checking server health with a tool such as MXToolbox, and ensuring your SPF and DKIM records are correctly configured.
  • Greylisting: Greylisting (temporary rejection to filter spam) can trigger TempFails, requiring proper retry configurations.
  • Network Issues: Network connectivity issues between your mail server and Gmail can result in TempFails, so one must check DNS settings, firewall rules, and routing.
  • Spam Filters: Gmail's spam filters can cause TempFails if email content is flagged as suspicious; avoid spammy content.
  • Authentication: Incorrect SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records can lead to TempFails, indicating the need for proper email authentication configuration.
  • IP Reputation: Poor IP reputation can increase TempFail frequency; improve reputation through IP warming and best practices.

Key considerations

  • Log Analysis: Regularly monitor and analyze mail server logs for specific error messages related to TempFails to diagnose underlying issues.
  • Sending Rate: Adjust sending rates to avoid exceeding Gmail's rate limits, especially when initiating new campaigns or sending to large lists.
  • Authentication Setup: Ensure proper configuration of SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records to authenticate emails and improve deliverability.
  • Content Review: Review email content and subject lines to minimize triggers for spam filters, maintaining a professional and relevant tone.
  • Network Configuration: Verify network connectivity between your mail server and Gmail's servers, addressing DNS issues, firewall rules, and routing problems.
  • IP Reputation Monitoring: Continuously monitor IP reputation using available tools and take proactive steps to maintain a positive reputation.
  • Retry Mechanism: Ensure that mail servers are configured to properly retry sending emails after a TempFail, adhering to SMTP standards.
  • MXToolbox Utilisation: Regularly use MXToolbox and other mail server health tools to identify DNS issues, SMTP errors, and blacklist listings that may cause temporary failures.
Marketer view

Email marketer from Sendgrid community shares that poor IP reputation can cause more frequent TempFail errors. Use tools to check your IP reputation and take steps to improve it, such as warming up your IP address and following email best practices.

December 2023 - Sendgrid Community
Marketer view

Email marketer from Port25 mentions that proper email authentication with SPF, DKIM, and DMARC is crucial. Incorrect authentication can cause mail servers to temporarily reject your emails.

April 2022 - Port25 Solutions
Marketer view

Email marketer from Email Geeks explains that these are usually "transient/deferred" errors in your logs.

July 2023 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Email marketer from EmailGeek Forum explains that encountering "TempFail - Rate limit exceeded" often indicates you're sending emails too quickly. To troubleshoot, reduce your sending rate and gradually increase it as your reputation improves with the receiving server.

October 2023 - EmailGeek Forum
Marketer view

Email marketer from Quora suggests that Gmail's spam filters can sometimes trigger temporary failures if your email content is flagged as suspicious. Review your email content and subject lines to ensure they are not spammy.

August 2021 - Quora
Marketer view

Email marketer from StackOverflow suggests checking your mail server logs for specific error messages related to the TempFail. These messages often provide clues about the cause, such as connection issues or authentication problems. Also, ensure your SPF and DKIM records are correctly configured.

August 2023 - StackOverflow
Marketer view

Email marketer from Email Geeks shares that if the connection to Gmail MTA is not being accepted, it could escape your logs. This means that your machine connection is rejected before it is established, thus the SMTP transaction does not happen.

May 2022 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Email marketer from Reddit mentions that greylisting is a common reason for TempFail errors. The receiving server temporarily rejects the email to filter spam, expecting a retry from a legitimate server. Ensure your server retries delivery as per SMTP standards.

March 2022 - Reddit
Marketer view

Email marketer from MXToolbox Forum recommends using MXToolbox to check your email server's health. Look for any DNS issues, blacklist listings, or SMTP errors that might be contributing to temporary failures.

December 2023 - MXToolbox Forum
Marketer view

Email marketer from DigitalOcean's Community explains that network connectivity issues between your mail server and Gmail's servers can cause temporary failures. Check DNS settings, firewall rules, and ensure there are no routing problems preventing successful email delivery.

November 2023 - DigitalOcean
Marketer view

Email marketer from Mailjet shares that temporary failures can be caused by various reasons, including the recipient server being busy, greylisting, or temporary network issues. Troubleshooting involves checking server logs and ensuring your sending infrastructure is properly configured.

March 2023 - Mailjet

What the experts say
8Expert opinions

Gmail TempFail errors arise from various factors, including rate limiting, temporary network issues, server overload, and throttling. Resolving these involves adjusting sending speeds, monitoring server logs for error codes, and building a better sender reputation. Suspicious activity like SPF escalation or DKIM replay might also contribute. Crucially, recipients may not need to be in any specific or signed fields for DKIM validation, complicating troubleshooting.

Key opinions

  • Rate Limiting: Sending too quickly often triggers "TempFail - Rate limit exceeded" errors, requiring a reduction in sending rate.
  • 4xx Deferral: Rate limiting errors typically manifest as 4xx deferrals.
  • SPF Escalation/DKIM Replay: Domain-based reporting might indicate SPF escalation or DKIM replay attacks where mail isn't from your servers.
  • DKIM Recipient Independence: DKIM validation doesn't require the recipient to be in the To: or any signed fields.
  • Network Issues/Server Overload: Temporary network issues or overloaded receiving servers can cause TempFails.
  • Throttling: Receiving servers might throttle connections, leading to temporary delivery failures.

Key considerations

  • Sending Speed: Adjust sending speed to avoid rate limits and gradually increase as reputation builds.
  • Log Monitoring: Regularly check mail server logs for specific error codes to diagnose issues.
  • Sender Reputation: Focus on improving sender reputation to allow faster sending speeds.
  • Suspicious Activity Checks: Investigate potential SPF escalation or DKIM replay attacks if domain-based reporting indicates issues.
  • Throttling Monitoring: Monitor sending limits and adapt sending patterns to avoid triggering throttling.
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks shares that in the short term, you should send slower to avoid "TempFail - Rate limit exceeded" errors. In the longer term, you should build a better reputation to allow sending faster.

January 2023 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks answers that rate limiting errors are likely a 4xx deferral.

August 2024 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks explains that DKIM replay is sending a valid message that gets a valid DKIM signature and then sending it to a bunch of recipients through an infrastructure that doesn't add a DKIM signature so that the message has the reputation of the original signing entity.

May 2024 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Word to the Wise mentions that temporary delivery failures can be related to throttling by the receiving server. Monitoring sending limits and adjusting sending patterns may help prevent these issues.

May 2022 - Word to the Wise
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks explains that the recipient need not be in any signed field for DKIM.

April 2022 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks explains that the recipient need not be in the To: field, or any visible header field for DKIM.

December 2023 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Spam Resource explains that temporary email delivery failures (TempFails) can occur due to temporary network issues or if the receiving server is overloaded. Checking the mail server logs for specific error codes is essential for diagnosis.

February 2024 - Spam Resource
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks suggests that given GPT reporting is domain based, one possibility is that the domain is being temp failed, but the mail is not coming from your servers and could be SPF escalation version of DKIM replay.

April 2024 - Email Geeks

What the documentation says
4Technical articles

Gmail TempFail errors, as defined by documentation, indicate a temporary unavailability of the receiving server. These errors are represented by 4xx SMTP reply codes, with the retry schedule determined by the receiving server. Causes can include resource constraints on the receiving server (CPU/memory) and overloaded queues. Proper queue management and monitoring server performance are essential for resolving these issues.

Key findings

  • Temporary Unavailability: TempFails indicate the receiving server is temporarily unavailable.
  • 4xx SMTP Codes: These errors are signaled by 4xx SMTP reply codes.
  • Retry Schedule: The receiving server determines the retry schedule for TempFails.
  • Resource Constraints: Resource constraints (CPU/memory) on the receiving server can cause temporary errors.
  • Queue Overload: Overloaded queues on the sending server can also result in TempFails.

Key considerations

  • Server Monitoring: Monitor server performance to identify and address resource bottlenecks (CPU/memory).
  • Queue Management: Implement efficient queue management to prevent queue overload and ensure timely email processing.
  • Retry Configuration: Ensure proper configuration for retrying failed deliveries according to SMTP standards.
  • Underlying Infrastructure: Monitor mail server health via MXToolbox and other tooling to highlight the cause of the error.
Technical article

Documentation from Postfix.org explains proper queue management is critical for mail servers. Tempfails can occur if the queue is overloaded. Ensure your server is configured for efficient queue processing.

July 2023 - Postfix.org
Technical article

Documentation from Microsoft Learn notes that in Exchange Server, temporary errors can occur due to resource constraints on the receiving server (e.g., CPU or memory). Monitoring server performance and addressing bottlenecks can help resolve these issues.

July 2021 - Microsoft Learn
Technical article

Documentation from Google Workspace Admin Help explains that a temporary delivery error (TempFail) means the receiving server is temporarily unavailable. The sending server will retry delivery for a period of time.

December 2022 - Google Workspace Admin Help
Technical article

Documentation from RFC 5321 defines SMTP reply codes; 4xx codes indicate temporary failures. The server experiencing the temporary failure determines the retry schedule.

July 2022 - RFC 5321