How does Gmail's image proxy affect email open tracking and what could cause very fast opens?

Summary

Gmail's image proxy significantly impacts the reliability of email open tracking. The proxy caches and downloads images, leading to inflated open rates as Google's servers, not the recipients, trigger the open event. This is compounded by security filters, bots, and Microsoft Defender's 'Safe Links' feature, which pre-fetch images and follow links for security checks, resulting in very fast opens. Additionally, new privacy measures like Apple's Mail Privacy Protection and image caching make open rates a less reliable metric overall. Maintaining a good sender reputation, and implementing SPF/DKIM, are important factors. Emphasis should be put on alternative engagement metrics and the reputation of the tracking domain should be investigated.

Key findings

  • Inflated Open Rates: Gmail's image proxy, security filters, and bots inflate open rates, making them an unreliable metric.
  • Inaccurate Tracking: Image caching and pre-fetching by proxy servers distort open tracking metrics.
  • Fast Opens: Very fast opens are often caused by bots and security systems scanning emails and pre-fetching images.
  • Alternative Metrics: Open rates are becoming less reliable due to privacy measures; focus on metrics like clicks and conversions.

Key considerations

  • Dedicated IP & Reputation: Using a dedicated IP address and monitoring sender reputation can help manage the impact of image proxying.
  • SPF/DKIM Authentication: Proper SPF and DKIM authentication can reduce the likelihood of emails being aggressively scanned.
  • Tracking Domain: Investigate the reputation of your click-tracking domain.
  • Focus on Clicks: Focus on alternative metrics like click-through rates and conversions to measure email engagement more accurately.

What email marketers say
9Marketer opinions

Gmail's image proxy and security filters significantly impact email open tracking. Gmail's proxy downloads images before the recipient opens the email, inflating open rates and making pixel-based tracking unreliable. Additionally, security filters and bots often pre-fetch images and follow links for security checks, leading to very fast opens. New privacy measures such as Apple's Mail Privacy Protection and image caching mean that open rates are becoming a less reliable metric.

Key opinions

  • Inflated Open Rates: Gmail's image proxy downloads images before the recipient views the email, inflating open rates.
  • Unreliable Tracking: Image proxying makes open tracking less reliable as the proxy server, not the actual recipient, triggers the open event.
  • Security Scans: Security filters and bots pre-fetch images and follow links to scan for malicious content, causing very fast opens.
  • Impact of New Privacy Measures: New privacy measures make open rates a less reliable metric. Focus on alternative metrics, like clicks and conversions.

Key considerations

  • Dedicated IP: Using a dedicated IP address and monitoring sender reputation may help mitigate the impact of image proxying.
  • Alternative Metrics: Focus on alternative metrics like click-through rates and conversions to measure email engagement more accurately.
  • Email Scanning: Be aware that bots scanning your emails contribute to inflated numbers - this can be tested by running seed lists with bot detection software.
Marketer view

Email marketer from SparkPost shares that security filters and bots will follow links, including image links in emails, to evaluate the safety of the URL, triggering opens very shortly after delivery.

June 2022 - SparkPost
Marketer view

Email marketer from Reddit shares that Gmail's image proxy makes open tracking unreliable, resulting in skewed and inflated open rates because images are loaded by Google's servers before the recipient views the email.

January 2024 - Reddit
Marketer view

Email marketer from SendGrid states that using a dedicated IP address and monitoring sender reputation may mitigate the impact of image proxying on open rates, as it allows you to isolate and manage your sending behavior.

March 2023 - SendGrid
Marketer view

Email marketer from ActiveCampaign shares that open rates are becoming a less reliable metric due to privacy measures like Apple's Mail Privacy Protection (MPP) and image caching. Recommends focusing on other metrics such as clicks and conversions for more accurate insights.

May 2021 - ActiveCampaign
Marketer view

Email marketer from Stackoverflow answers that very fast opens can be attributed to bots scanning the email, pre-fetching images for security checks, which can inflate open rates. This is often done within seconds of the email being delivered.

April 2024 - Stackoverflow
Marketer view

Marketer from Email Geeks shares that they have seen numerous unique IPs using the Gmail Proxy globally. They also mention reports of potential image pre-fetching when devices are charging and on Wi-Fi, but have been unable to replicate this consistently, believing that if pre-fetching does occur, it accounts for a small percentage of total opens.

October 2024 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Email marketer from Hubspot explains that quick opens are often caused by email security filters scanning the email for malicious content, including loading images, and this can register as an open even if the recipient hasn't opened the email.

June 2022 - Hubspot
Marketer view

Email marketer from EmailOnAcid shares that Gmail's proxy server downloads images before the user opens the email, skewing open rates because the server 'opens' the email. This makes tracking opens based on image pixels unreliable for Gmail users.

February 2023 - EmailOnAcid
Marketer view

Email marketer from Mailchimp support explains that because of image caching by Gmail, open rates may appear higher than reality. This is because the proxy servers open the image which can result in open tracking not being accurate for Gmail users.

January 2025 - Mailchimp

What the experts say
4Expert opinions

Gmail's image proxy significantly impacts email open tracking. The Google proxy obfuscates IP addresses and caches images, leading to inflated open rates since images are downloaded by Google's servers, not necessarily the recipients. This makes open tracking inaccurate. Furthermore, automated bot clicks and scans from security systems can cause very fast opens, artificially inflating open rates. Investigating the click tracking domain's reputation is also important.

Key opinions

  • IP Obfuscation: Google's proxy hides the recipient's IP address.
  • Inflated Open Rates: Image caching by Gmail's proxy leads to skewed open rates.
  • Automated Bot Clicks: Automated bots and security scans inflate open rates with very fast opens.
  • Link Following: Security filters follow links to evaluate the safety of the URL, triggering early opens.

Key considerations

  • Tracking Domain Reputation: Investigate the reputation of the click tracking domain.
  • Security System Impact: Factor in the impact of security systems and bots on open rate metrics.
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks explains that the Google proxy obfuscates the recipient's IP address and may only show the initial read. She suggests that the recorded opens may be legitimate and caused by filters following links to determine URL safety.

May 2021 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Wordtothewise.com shares that automated bot clicks and scans from security systems can cause very fast opens, artificially inflating open rates and distorting engagement metrics.

February 2024 - Wordtothewise.com
Expert view

Expert from Spamresource.com explains that Gmail's image proxy caches images, leading to skewed open rates as Google's servers, not the recipients, download the images, causing inaccurate open tracking.

November 2021 - Spamresource.com
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks explains that Gmail doesn't preload images until the email is opened. If links are being followed quickly, she suggests investigating the reputation of the click tracking domain.

July 2021 - Email Geeks

What the documentation says
4Technical articles

Gmail's image proxy significantly impacts email open tracking. Gmail caches images to improve user experience, leading to multiple recorded opens even without the user re-opening the email. Litmus explains that Gmail's proxy distorts open tracking metrics. Additionally, Microsoft Defender's 'Safe Links' scans URLs, pre-fetching images and resulting in early opens. RFC documentation suggests that proper SPF and DKIM authentication can reduce the likelihood of aggressive pre-fetch scans, improving deliverability.

Key findings

  • Image Caching: Gmail caches images, inflating open rates and potentially recording multiple opens for a single email.
  • Distorted Metrics: Gmail's proxy distorts open tracking metrics, making open rates an unreliable indicator of engagement.
  • Safe Links: Microsoft Defender's 'Safe Links' feature pre-fetches images, contributing to early opens.
  • SPF/DKIM Impact: Proper SPF and DKIM authentication can reduce aggressive pre-fetch scans.

Key considerations

  • Authentication: Implement robust SPF and DKIM authentication to improve email deliverability and potentially reduce pre-fetch scans.
  • Alternative Metrics: Acknowledge the limitations of open rates as a metric and consider alternative metrics like click-through rates and conversions.
  • Scanning Impact: Recognize that automated scanning processes from security software impact open metrics, making interpretation more complex.
Technical article

Documentation from Litmus explains that Gmail uses a proxy to load images. This leads to inflated open rates as the proxy server loads the images instead of the actual recipient, therefore distorting open tracking metrics.

January 2025 - Litmus
Technical article

Documentation from RFC explains that proper SPF and DKIM authentication can reduce the likelihood of emails being flagged and scanned rapidly, as ISPs trust authenticated emails more, reducing the need for aggressive pre-fetch scans.

February 2022 - RFC-Editor
Technical article

Documentation from Microsoft explains that 'Safe Links' in Microsoft Defender scans URLs in emails to protect users. This process can pre-fetch images, resulting in early opens.

April 2024 - Microsoft
Technical article

Documentation from Google Support explains that Gmail caches images to improve user experience, which can lead to multiple 'opens' being recorded when the image is served from the cache, even if the user hasn't actually re-opened the email.

April 2021 - Google Support