How can spammers send emails from real addresses, and is this a DMARC configuration issue?

Summary

Spammers exploit the lack of built-in authentication in the SMTP protocol to forge the 'From' header in emails, making them appear to originate from legitimate sources. Before SPF, DKIM, and DMARC, this spoofing was easily accomplished. DMARC is designed to prevent this by enabling domain owners to set policies for how receiving mail servers should handle unauthenticated emails, specifically those that fail SPF and DKIM checks. A properly configured DMARC, especially with a 'reject' policy, instructs receiving servers to block or quarantine such emails, thus protecting the domain from unauthorized use. However, if SPF fails or receiving servers don't check SPF or DMARC, spammers can still succeed. Regular monitoring of DMARC reports is crucial for identifying and addressing potential deliverability issues and spoofing attempts.

Key findings

  • SMTP Vulnerability: The SMTP protocol's lack of built-in authentication allows spammers to easily forge 'From' headers.
  • DMARC's Protective Role: DMARC enables domain owners to define policies for handling unauthenticated emails, preventing domain spoofing.
  • Importance of 'Reject' Policy: A 'reject' DMARC policy is the most effective way to prevent spammers from using your domain.
  • SPF/DKIM Dependency: DMARC builds upon SPF and DKIM, and its effectiveness is tied to their proper implementation.
  • Monitoring is Crucial: Regular monitoring of DMARC reports helps identify and address potential spoofing attempts and deliverability issues.

Key considerations

  • DMARC Configuration: Proper DMARC configuration is critical to instructing receiving mail servers on how to handle unauthenticated email.
  • SPF and DKIM Implementation: Correct implementation of SPF and DKIM is necessary for DMARC to function effectively.
  • Server Checks are Key: Receiving servers must check SPF and DMARC for proper email authentication and spoofing prevention.
  • Policy Gradual Increase: Gradually increase the DMARC policy toward 'reject' and closely monitor reports to avoid legitimate email being blocked.

What email marketers say
12Marketer opinions

Spammers can send emails that appear to come from legitimate addresses by exploiting the simplicity of the SMTP protocol and forging the 'From' header. Before SPF, DKIM, and DMARC, this was relatively easy. While it's still possible to send spoofed emails, DMARC (along with SPF and DKIM) plays a crucial role in preventing these emails from reaching their intended recipients. DMARC allows domain owners to instruct receiving mail servers on how to handle unauthenticated email, making it harder for spammers to use your domain if properly configured with a 'reject' policy. Implementing and monitoring DMARC is advised to protect against spoofing.

Key opinions

  • Spoofing Mechanism: Spammers forge the 'From' header in emails due to the simplicity of the SMTP protocol.
  • DMARC's Role: DMARC helps prevent spoofing by allowing domain owners to specify how receiving mail servers should handle unauthenticated emails.
  • Authentication Importance: SPF, DKIM, and DMARC together make it harder for spoofed emails to reach inboxes.
  • Effectiveness of 'Reject' Policy: A DMARC policy set to 'reject' is the most effective way to prevent domain spoofing.

Key considerations

  • DMARC Configuration: Proper DMARC configuration, especially with a 'reject' policy, is essential to protect your domain from spoofing.
  • Monitoring DMARC Reports: Regularly monitoring DMARC reports is important to identify and address potential deliverability issues or spoofing attempts.
  • SMTP Vulnerability: The underlying SMTP protocol lacks built-in authentication, making it susceptible to spoofing attacks.
Marketer view

Email marketer from Proofpoint shares that email spoofing is a common tactic where attackers forge the 'From' address to deceive recipients. Implementing DMARC policies helps organizations control how recipient servers handle unauthenticated mail.

March 2022 - Proofpoint
Marketer view

Email marketer from Spamhaus shares implementing DMARC can effectively protect against spoofing. They advise creating a DMARC record and gradually increasing the policy to 'reject' to prevent unauthorized use of your domain. They highlight the importance of closely monitoring DMARC reports to address any deliverability issues that arise.

January 2023 - Spamhaus
Marketer view

Email marketer from Mailjet explains that DMARC is designed to prevent email spoofing by providing a mechanism for domain owners to tell receiving mail servers what to do with unauthenticated email. Properly configured DMARC can stop spammers from using your domain.

August 2023 - Mailjet
Marketer view

Email marketer from Mimecast explains that email spoofing occurs because the SMTP protocol lacks strong authentication mechanisms. A common technique used by spammers and phishers is to alter the 'From' address in the email header, making it appear as if the message originated from a legitimate source. DMARC and other email authentication methods are required to stop this attack type.

October 2022 - Mimecast
Marketer view

Marketer from Email Geeks explains it's still easy to send an email claiming to be anyone, but harder to have it reach the intended recipient due to authentication (SPF, DKIM, and DMARC). Stricter authentication policies make it harder for spoofed emails to reach the inbox.

November 2023 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Marketer from Email Geeks explains that email messages are just text and data transmitted by software, and malicious senders can submit any content, including domains they don't own, if they control that software. DMARC is designed to stop spoofing of the exact domain by signaling that the domain owner claims mail using its domain is properly authenticated. It doesn't stop spoofing attempts but can cause spoofed mail to be rejected.

February 2024 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Email marketer from Cloudflare explains that email spoofing occurs because SMTP doesn't have built-in authentication. Cloudflare recommends using SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records to verify email authenticity and prevent spoofing attacks.

August 2022 - Cloudflare
Marketer view

Email marketer from Reddit shares that spammers often send emails using spoofed addresses by manipulating the 'From' header, which is relatively easy without proper authentication. DMARC, SPF, and DKIM are crucial for preventing this.

March 2021 - Reddit
Marketer view

Email marketer from Neil Patel Digital explains that spammers can 'spoof' email addresses, making it appear as though the email is coming from a legitimate source. This involves forging the 'From' header in the email. DMARC helps prevent this by authenticating emails.

September 2024 - Neil Patel Digital
Marketer view

Marketer from Email Geeks explains that before SPF, DKIM, and DMARC, spoofing was easy because the from domain is just a field any sender can populate. Using SPF, DKIM, and DMARC with a 'reject' policy tells receiving networks to block mail from your domain that doesn't pass DMARC.

January 2022 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Email marketer from EasyDMARC explains DMARC helps prevent direct domain spoofing by providing instructions to email providers on how to handle unauthorized use of a domain in email messages. A 'reject' policy is the most effective against spoofing.

August 2024 - EasyDMARC
Marketer view

Email marketer from SparkPost shares that spammers exploit the simplicity of the SMTP protocol to forge the 'From' address. They can use readily available tools to send emails that appear to originate from any domain, even without compromising the actual email server.

March 2025 - SparkPost

What the experts say
2Expert opinions

Spammers can exploit vulnerabilities in email authentication protocols. If SPF (Sender Policy Framework) fails and receiving servers don't check SPF or DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting & Conformance) is not configured to reject or quarantine failing messages, spammers can easily spoof the 'from' address. DMARC's primary purpose is to prevent unauthorized use of domains by specifying how receiving servers should handle emails claiming to be from a domain when authentication fails. This includes preventing the forging of email headers.

Key opinions

  • SPF Failure: If SPF fails, spammers can spoof emails if receiving servers don't check SPF or DMARC is misconfigured.
  • DMARC's Purpose: DMARC helps stop senders from forging email headers and using unauthorized domains by providing instructions to receiving servers on how to handle authentication failures.

Key considerations

  • DMARC Configuration: Proper DMARC configuration, including a policy to reject or quarantine failing messages, is crucial to prevent spoofing.
  • Server Checks: Relying on receiving servers to check SPF and DMARC is vital for effective email authentication and preventing spoofing.
Expert view

Expert from Spam Resource (John Levine) explains that if SPF fails, spammers can still send email from your domain if the receiving server doesn't check SPF or if DMARC isn't configured to reject or quarantine failing messages. This makes it easy to spoof the from address.

May 2024 - Spam Resource
Expert view

Expert from Word to the Wise (Laura Atkins) explains that DMARC is intended to help stop senders from forging the headers of email and using a domain that they don't have permission to use. If a server receives a message claiming to be from a domain and the authentication fails, DMARC tells the receiving server what to do with the message.

March 2023 - Word to the Wise

What the documentation says
4Technical articles

DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting & Conformance) is a standard designed to protect domain owners from unauthorized use, particularly in email spoofing attacks. It allows domain owners to publish policies that instruct recipient mail servers on how to handle emails failing SPF (Sender Policy Framework) and DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail) authentication checks. DMARC builds upon SPF and DKIM to provide a comprehensive authentication framework, enabling senders to indicate that their emails are protected and telling receivers what to do if authentication fails. A DMARC failure often indicates a configuration issue or a spoofing attempt, highlighting its crucial role in enhancing email security.

Key findings

  • DMARC's Core Function: DMARC allows domain owners to set policies for handling emails that fail authentication, preventing spoofing.
  • Reliance on SPF and DKIM: DMARC builds upon SPF and DKIM to provide a comprehensive authentication framework.
  • Indication of Issues: A DMARC failure indicates a potential configuration problem or a spoofing attempt.

Key considerations

  • Proper Configuration: Domain owners must properly configure DMARC policies to instruct recipient mail servers.
  • Collaboration with SPF and DKIM: Effective email security relies on the combined use of SPF, DKIM, and DMARC.
  • Unauthorized Use Protection: DMARC is essential for protecting domains from unauthorized use in email spoofing attacks.
Technical article

Documentation from Google explains the configuration for DMARC. DMARC policy enables a sender to indicate that their emails are protected by SPF and/or DKIM, and tells a receiver what to do if neither of those authentication methods passes.

August 2023 - Google Workspace Admin
Technical article

Documentation from DMARC.org explains that DMARC allows domain owners to publish policies that instruct recipient mail servers on how to handle emails that fail authentication checks (SPF and DKIM). This prevents spammers from easily spoofing domains.

March 2021 - DMARC.org
Technical article

Documentation from RFC Editor explains that DMARC is designed to allow domain owners to protect their domain from unauthorized use, most commonly in email spoofing attacks. DMARC builds upon SPF and DKIM to provide a comprehensive authentication framework.

April 2021 - RFC Editor
Technical article

Documentation from Microsoft explains the combination of SPF, DKIM, and DMARC work together to enhance email security. DMARC uses the results of SPF and DKIM to determine if a message is legitimately from the sender. A DMARC failure indicates a configuration issue or spoofing attempt.

September 2022 - Microsoft