Does the top level domain (TLD) affect email deliverability?

Summary

While Google prioritizes content quality, experts and marketers agree that the top-level domain (TLD) can influence email deliverability. Newer TLDs and those associated with spam activity often face scrutiny from mailbox providers and may trigger spam filters. Country-specific TLDs can aid in geotargeting but don't guarantee deliverability. Building a positive sender reputation through authentication, relevant content, and consistent email practices is crucial, regardless of the TLD. It's essential to evaluate senders and content specifically rather than generalizing based solely on the TLD, and to monitor if a TLD is associated with spam-heavy lists.

Key findings

  • TLD Reputation: TLD reputation can influence email deliverability, especially for newer or spam-associated TLDs.
  • Content Importance: High-quality, relevant content remains a primary factor for deliverability, according to Google.
  • Sender Reputation: Building a strong sender reputation is essential, regardless of the TLD used.
  • Authentication Critical: Proper email authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC) can mitigate negative TLD impacts.
  • Geo-Targeting: Country-specific TLDs can help with geo-targeting, but are not a deliverability guarantee.

Key considerations

  • Choose TLD Wisely: Select a TLD that aligns with your brand and target audience, considering its reputation.
  • Focus on Quality: Prioritize creating high-quality, engaging content to overcome potential TLD biases.
  • Implement Authentication: Set up SPF, DKIM, and DMARC records to authenticate your emails and improve trust.
  • Monitor Reputation: Regularly monitor your domain's reputation and address any issues promptly.
  • List Management: Practice good list hygiene and remove inactive or unengaged subscribers.
  • TLD Monitoring: Check if your TLD ends up on any spam lists.

What email marketers say
11Marketer opinions

While the top-level domain (TLD) isn't the only factor affecting email deliverability, it can contribute to sender reputation. Spammy or new TLDs may face suspicion from mailbox providers, leading to deliverability issues. Google focuses more on content quality, but TLDs associated with spam can still negatively affect reputation. Building a good sender reputation through authentication, relevant content, and consistent volume is crucial, regardless of the TLD.

Key opinions

  • TLD Impact: TLD can indirectly affect deliverability, but it's not the primary factor.
  • Reputation Matters: Domain reputation, influenced by the TLD, is crucial for deliverability.
  • New TLDs: New TLDs may face initial scrutiny due to limited reputation.
  • Spam Associations: TLDs associated with spam can negatively impact deliverability.
  • Google's Focus: Google focuses more on content quality and relevance than TLD.

Key considerations

  • Sender Reputation: Prioritize building a positive sender reputation through good email practices.
  • Content Quality: Ensure content is relevant, engaging, and valuable to recipients.
  • Authentication: Implement proper email authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC).
  • List Hygiene: Maintain a clean and engaged email list.
  • Monitor Spam Lists: Regularly check if your domain or TLD is on any spam blacklists.
  • Warmups: Consider a longer warmup period when using a newer or less reputable TLD.
Marketer view

Email marketer from Campaign Monitor explains that focusing on relevant email content, list management, and a consistent sending volume contributes towards a positive sender reputation. While your TLD can factor into whether mailbox providers trust you, it's not as important as your email marketing practices.

April 2022 - Campaign Monitor
Marketer view

Email marketer from Mailjet explains that your email domain reputation significantly impacts deliverability. While the TLD itself isn't a primary factor, consistently sending high-quality, engaging emails will build a positive reputation. A poor reputation, regardless of the TLD, can lead to emails being marked as spam.

July 2023 - Mailjet
Marketer view

Email marketer from Reddit shares that some older spam filters may have rules that penalize certain TLDs. New TLDs are often initially viewed with suspicion. Established TLDs with a history of being used for spam can also be problematic.

June 2021 - Reddit
Marketer view

Email marketer from Gmass shares that new TLDs haven't been around long enough to establish a solid reputation, and spammers have historically abused new TLDs, which means they are often viewed with more scrutiny than older TLDs.

December 2022 - Gmass
Marketer view

Marketer from Email Geeks shares that there are some old rules in SpamAssassin about TLDs, which are based on Spamhaus top 10 from several years ago. Although it should not have a big impact on your deliverability.

December 2023 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Marketer from Email Geeks shares that it's not entirely a myth that TLD affects deliverability, warmups can be more difficult with some heavily abused TLDs. Suggests staying away from the Spamhaus top 10.

August 2024 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Email marketer from Litmus explains that proper email authentication is critical for deliverability. Authentication protocols like SPF, DKIM, and DMARC help establish trust with mailbox providers, mitigating potential negative impacts from a less reputable TLD.

March 2022 - Litmus
Marketer view

Email marketer from Neil Patel's Blog explains that while TLDs were once thought to significantly impact SEO and thus indirectly deliverability, Google has evolved. They now focus more on the quality and relevance of the content, rather than the TLD. However, certain TLDs, especially those associated with spam, can negatively affect reputation.

July 2021 - Neil Patel's Blog
Marketer view

Email marketer from StackExchange explains that while the TLD isn't the only factor, it can contribute to your overall sender reputation. Using a TLD known for spam activity can make it harder to build trust with mailbox providers.

March 2022 - StackExchange
Marketer view

Email marketer from an Email Marketing Forum shares that new TLDs may have limited reputation initially. Building a positive sending history is essential to overcome potential deliverability challenges.

March 2022 - Email Marketing Forum
Marketer view

Email marketer from Sender.net shares that a domain's reputation, including the TLD, matters for deliverability. Spammy TLDs can be viewed with suspicion by mailbox providers, leading to deliverability issues. Building a good sender reputation is crucial, regardless of the TLD.

July 2021 - Sender.net

What the experts say
4Expert opinions

Experts agree that the top-level domain (TLD) can impact email deliverability, though it's not the only factor. The policies of the registry, ease of access for spammers, and the TLD's reputation all play a role. Newer TLDs often have poor reputations and may be biased against by machine learning filters. Country domains managed by government entities are generally safer. It's crucial to evaluate senders and content specifically, rather than generalizing based on TLD. Identifying TLDs frequently used for spam is one method of detecting spam domains.

Key opinions

  • Registry Policies: The policies of the TLD registry influence its attractiveness to spammers.
  • New TLDs Reputation: Newer TLDs often have poor reputations due to spam activity.
  • Country Domains: Country-specific domains are generally safer due to government oversight.
  • Sender & Content: Evaluating the sender and content is more important than generalizing based on TLD.
  • TLD as Spam Indicator: Frequently spammed TLDs can be used to identify spam domains.

Key considerations

  • TLD Selection: Carefully consider the reputation of a TLD before using it for email.
  • Domain Reputation: Focus on building a positive domain reputation, regardless of TLD.
  • Target Audience: Consider relevance to the target audience (e.g., using .no for a Norwegian company).
  • Content Quality: Ensure high-quality content to overcome potential TLD biases.
  • Contextual Evaluation: Don't rely solely on TLD; evaluate senders and content in context.
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks explains that TLD does affect things in some cases, a lot of that has to do with the policies of the registry and how easy and cheap it is for spammers to get a hold of the domains. Many of the newer TLDs have poor reputations and some of the ML filters are biased against mail from them. Many of the country domains are OK as they’re usually managed by government entities and are not great targets for spammers.

April 2022 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Word to the Wise explains that new TLDs get a bad rap as the bad guys jump on them. It is always important to look at things specifically. Not just painting everyone with the same brush. It is important to evaluate the sender and the content not just the TLD.

December 2024 - Word to the Wise
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks shares that given .no is Norway, as long as the company has some connection to Norway (benefits for sending mail in Norwegian) they wouldn’t worry about it.

October 2022 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Spam Resource explains that there are many ways to extract domains that are used in spam. Including but not limited to finding common TLDs that send large amounts of spam.

June 2024 - Spam Resource

What the documentation says
4Technical articles

While Google treats all TLDs the same for SEO, a country-code TLD mainly helps with geotargeting. The RFC Editor sets standards for valid email addresses, but TLD adherence alone doesn't guarantee deliverability. Spamhaus maintains lists of TLDs frequently used by spammers, raising red flags. Microsoft emphasizes authentication, list hygiene, and engagement as best practices to overcome TLD-related reputation issues, though they don't directly address TLD impact.

Key findings

  • Google's Perspective: Google treats all TLDs equally for SEO, with country-code TLDs primarily affecting geotargeting.
  • RFC Standards: RFC 5322 defines valid email address formats, but TLD compliance doesn't ensure deliverability.
  • Spamhaus Lists: Spamhaus maintains TLD lists used by spammers, raising deliverability concerns.
  • Microsoft's Best Practices: Microsoft emphasizes authentication, list hygiene, and engagement to improve deliverability.

Key considerations

  • Geotargeting: Use country-code TLDs strategically for geotargeting purposes.
  • Email Standards: Ensure your TLD and email address comply with RFC 5322 standards.
  • Reputation Management: Monitor and manage your domain's reputation to avoid spam lists.
  • Deliverability Practices: Implement authentication, maintain list hygiene, and foster engagement to maximize deliverability.
Technical article

Documentation from Google Search Central explains that Google treats all TLDs (generic or country-code) the same. Using a specific country code TLD (like .uk or .de) primarily helps Google understand that your site is explicitly intended for users in that country, which can affect geotargeting but not necessarily deliverability directly. The content and its relevance are more important.

February 2022 - Google Search Central
Technical article

Documentation from Microsoft outlines best practices for email deliverability, emphasizing authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC), list hygiene, and engagement. While TLD isn't explicitly mentioned, following these practices can help overcome potential TLD-related reputation issues.

October 2023 - Microsoft Support
Technical article

Documentation from RFC Editor (specifically RFC 5322) outlines the standards for email message format. While it doesn't directly address TLD impact on deliverability, it sets the technical rules for valid email addresses. Using a TLD that adheres to these standards is crucial; however, adherence doesn't guarantee deliverability, as reputation is also key.

July 2022 - RFC Editor
Technical article

Documentation from Spamhaus explains that they maintain lists of TLDs frequently used by spammers. While not a direct deliverability factor, being associated with a spam-heavy TLD can raise red flags.

October 2021 - Spamhaus