How does bad SPF alignment affect email deliverability if DMARC authentication passes?

Summary

While DMARC allows emails to pass authentication if either SPF or DKIM is aligned, consistently failing SPF alignment can negatively impact email deliverability even when DMARC passes via DKIM. A comprehensive approach, with both SPF and DKIM aligned, is recommended as it enhances sender reputation, improves inbox placement rates, and reduces the risk of emails being marked as spam or rejected. Some mail servers might still use SPF alignment as a factor in their spam filtering algorithms, and a lack of alignment can lead to deliverability issues for forwarded emails or when DKIM fails. Maintaining both SPF and DKIM alignment signals legitimacy to ISPs, helps in scenarios where DKIM might have issues, builds trust, and ensures email security.

Key findings

  • DMARC's Dual Authentication: DMARC permits authentication through either SPF or DKIM alignment.
  • SPF Impact on Reputation: Consistent SPF misalignment damages sender reputation over time.
  • Stronger Authentication Signal: Aligned SPF and DKIM offer a stronger signal of legitimacy to ISPs.
  • Increased Deliverability Risk: Failing SPF alignment elevates the risk of deliverability issues, especially if DKIM fails or with email forwarding.
  • Provider-Specific Algorithms: Some email providers' spam filters still utilize SPF alignment results, even with DMARC.
  • DKIM Backup: SPF alignment is a backup in scenarios where DKIM has problems.

Key considerations

  • Monitor DMARC Reports: Regularly analyze DMARC reports to address SPF alignment problems.
  • Implement Full Alignment: Align both SPF and DKIM to secure optimal deliverability and security benefits.
  • Build Trust: Aligning SPF helps build trust with mailbox providers.
  • Safeguard Forwarded Emails: Address potential deliverability challenges associated with email forwarding in the context of SPF.
  • Stay Informed: Keep up to date with email provider-specific best practices and algorithms.
  • Reduce Spam Marking: Do everything possible to reduce the chances of your emails being marked as spam.

What email marketers say
10Marketer opinions

While DMARC can pass if either SPF or DKIM alignment is successful, even with SPF misalignment, there are still significant deliverability implications. Consistently misaligned SPF records can negatively impact sender reputation, leading ISPs to filter emails more aggressively. Having both SPF and DKIM aligned provides a stronger signal of legitimacy to ISPs, improving inbox placement and reducing the risk of emails landing in the spam folder. Some email providers may still use SPF alignment as a factor in spam filtering algorithms, and misalignment can cause issues for forwarded emails or in cases where DKIM fails.

Key opinions

  • Reputation Impact: Consistent SPF misalignment can negatively affect sender reputation over time, leading to stricter filtering by ISPs.
  • DMARC Dependence: While DMARC can pass with DKIM alignment, relying solely on DKIM can be risky.
  • Stronger Signal: Having both SPF and DKIM aligned sends a stronger signal to ISPs, improving deliverability.
  • Deliverability Risks: Failing SPF alignment can cause deliverability issues, especially for forwarded emails or when DKIM fails.
  • Algorithm Factor: Some email providers still use SPF alignment in their spam filtering algorithms, regardless of DMARC.

Key considerations

  • Monitor DMARC Reports: Regularly monitor DMARC reports to identify and address SPF alignment issues.
  • Align Both: Implement best practices to ensure both SPF and DKIM are aligned for optimal deliverability and security.
  • Sender Reputation: Prioritize building and maintaining a positive sender reputation by addressing SPF misalignment issues.
  • Email Forwarding: Address potential deliverability issues related to email forwarding and SPF alignment.
  • Provider Specifics: Be aware that different email providers may have varying spam filtering algorithms that consider SPF alignment.
Marketer view

Email marketer from Stack Overflow responds that if DMARC passes (due to DKIM alignment), SPF alignment is less critical. However, having aligned SPF is still a best practice as it improves overall deliverability and sender reputation.

July 2022 - Stack Overflow
Marketer view

Email marketer from Sender Score explains that DMARC relies on SPF and DKIM for authentication. Aligned SPF is preferred as some servers may still use SPF as a signal, even with passing DMARC. Inconsistent SPF behavior could also affect your sender reputation.

November 2023 - Sender Score
Marketer view

Email marketer from GlockApps shares that while DMARC can validate emails with either SPF or DKIM alignment, it's a best practice to have both aligned. Misalignment can lead to deliverability issues for forwarded emails and in scenarios where DKIM might fail.

April 2023 - GlockApps
Marketer view

Email marketer from Email on Acid mentions that while DMARC can authenticate emails with either SPF or DKIM alignment, having both aligned is a strong signal to ISPs that the sender is legitimate, improving deliverability rates and reducing the risk of emails landing in the spam folder.

March 2024 - Email on Acid
Marketer view

Email marketer from Email Deliverability Forum responds that even if DMARC passes, some email providers may still use SPF alignment as a factor in their spam filtering algorithms. Consistently failing SPF alignment could lead to emails being marked as spam or having lower engagement rates.

April 2021 - Email Deliverability Forum
Marketer view

Email marketer from Mailjet emphasizes that SPF alignment is not just about passing DMARC but also about building trust with mailbox providers. Aligned SPF contributes to a positive sender reputation, which can significantly impact inbox placement rates.

March 2024 - Mailjet
Marketer view

Email marketer from SuperOffice shares that even with passing DMARC, failing SPF alignment increases the risk of deliverability issues. Some mail servers check SPF alignment, and non-aligned messages are more likely to be treated as spam.

October 2021 - SuperOffice
Marketer view

Email marketer from Email Geeks explicitly mentions that SPF might pass, but it doesn't align for DMARC to pass. So if DKIM fails, DMARC will fail as well.

September 2022 - Email Geeks
Marketer view

Email marketer from emailquestions.com forum expresses that consistent SPF misalignment can affect email deliverability, even when DMARC passes through DKIM. Some ISPs monitor SPF pass/fail rates, and high failure rates can negatively impact inbox placement over time.

February 2025 - emailquestions.com
Marketer view

Email marketer from Reddit shares that even if DMARC is currently passing due to DKIM, consistent SPF misalignment can negatively impact sender reputation over time. ISPs may start filtering emails more aggressively if they consistently see SPF failures, even with passing DMARC.

October 2021 - Reddit

What the experts say
5Expert opinions

While DMARC can pass with either SPF or DKIM alignment, relying solely on DKIM and neglecting SPF alignment introduces risks. Although SPF isn't critical for general delivery when DMARC passes via DKIM, it is good practice for DMARC compliance. Some receiving systems may not strictly adhere to DMARC and might still factor in SPF results, impacting deliverability. Inconsistent SPF failures can hurt sender reputation and increase the chance of emails landing in spam folders. In p=reject situations, unaligned emails (specifically when forwarding) may be rejected. Microsoft, however, usually places DMARC failures in spam.

Key opinions

  • DMARC's Flexibility: DMARC can pass if either SPF or DKIM aligns with the 'From' address.
  • SPF as Best Practice: Although not always crucial, SPF alignment is a recommended practice for optimal DMARC compliance.
  • System Variance: Not all receiving systems strictly adhere to DMARC, meaning SPF results can still play a role in deliverability.
  • Reputation Impact: Consistent SPF failures can negatively impact sender reputation.
  • Rejection Scenarios: Unaligned emails in 'p=reject' situations, particularly forwarding, face rejection. Microsoft handles these by placing emails in spam.

Key considerations

  • Implement SPF: Implement SPF records correctly as a component of DMARC compliance.
  • Monitor Deliverability: Monitor deliverability, considering not all systems interpret DMARC the same way.
  • Protect Reputation: Take steps to avoid SPF failures and protect sender reputation.
  • Evaluate DMARC Policy: Understand the implications of different DMARC policies (e.g., p=reject) on handling unaligned emails.
  • Understand Microsoft Handling: Be aware of Microsoft's tendency to place DMARC failures in the spam folder.
Expert view

Expert from Word to the Wise (Laura Atkins) responds that while a DMARC pass can still happen with SPF misalignment if DKIM is aligned, it is more secure and improves deliverability rates when SPF is also aligned. Consistent SPF failures still hurt sender reputation.

June 2021 - Word to the Wise
Expert view

Expert from Spam Resource (Mikel Lindsaar) explains that while DMARC allows for either SPF or DKIM to authenticate, SPF alignment issues may impact deliverability as some receiving systems might not strictly adhere to DMARC specifications and could still factor in SPF results. Also, you reduce risk by ensuring more techniques work

August 2022 - Spam Resource
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks shares that emails are usually not rejected unless specifically requested. Microsoft tends to place DMARC failures in the spam folder rather than rejecting them outright.

March 2024 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks explains that SPF alignment isn't crucial for general email delivery, but it's good practice for DMARC compliance. DMARC passes if either SPF or DKIM aligns with the 5322.from address.

December 2021 - Email Geeks
Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks explains that even if SPF and DKIM pass, DMARC can still fail if neither aligns. In a p=reject or quarantine situation, unaligned emails may be rejected, like when forwarding from Microsoft.

May 2023 - Email Geeks

What the documentation says
5Technical articles

While DMARC permits authentication via either SPF or DKIM, documentation from multiple sources emphasizes the importance of aligning both for optimal email security and deliverability. Consistent SPF alignment provides an extra layer of authentication, which is particularly useful if DKIM has issues and reduces the chances of your emails being marked as spam. Although DKIM can compensate for SPF, aligning both builds a stronger reputation with mail servers. A comprehensive approach with aligned SPF and DKIM minimizes the risk of phishing, spoofing, and potential deliverability problems, and improves overall trust.

Key findings

  • DMARC Flexibility: DMARC allows authentication via either SPF or DKIM.
  • Optimal Alignment: Aligning both SPF and DKIM is ideal for enhanced deliverability and security.
  • Extra Layer: SPF alignment provides an extra layer of authentication, beneficial if DKIM has issues.
  • Reputation Building: Aligned SPF and DKIM build a stronger reputation with mail servers.
  • Risk Minimization: Aligning both minimizes the risk of phishing, spoofing, and deliverability problems.

Key considerations

  • Implement Both: Implement both SPF and DKIM records.
  • Prioritize Alignment: Prioritize aligning both SPF and DKIM for best results.
  • Monitor Authentication: Continuously monitor SPF and DKIM authentication.
  • Reduce Spam Risk: Take steps to reduce the chance of emails being marked as spam by aligning SPF.
  • Enhance Security: Use SPF alignment to enhance overall email security and trust.
Technical article

Documentation from Microsoft details that while DMARC allows for authentication via either SPF or DKIM, best practice dictates aligning both. This comprehensive approach minimizes the risk of phishing and spoofing, enhancing overall email security and deliverability within the Microsoft ecosystem.

December 2024 - Microsoft
Technical article

Documentation from Google Workspace Admin Help explains that it's ideal to have both SPF and DKIM aligned for optimal deliverability. While DMARC allows either to pass, aligning both reduces the likelihood of emails being flagged as spam or rejected.

January 2025 - Google Workspace Admin Help
Technical article

Documentation from RFC Standard explains that DMARC uses the underlying authentication results from SPF and DKIM to determine the legitimacy of an email. While DMARC allows either to pass for authentication, alignment provides a stronger signal and improves overall trust.

August 2023 - RFC Standard
Technical article

Documentation from dmarc.org explains that while DMARC can pass with DKIM alignment even if SPF fails alignment, consistent SPF alignment provides an extra layer of authentication and helps in scenarios where DKIM might have issues. They say that its important to ensure you do everything to reduce the chances of your emails being marked as spam

March 2024 - dmarc.org
Technical article

Documentation from AuthSMTP emphasises that while DMARC allows for DKIM to compensate for SPF, having aligned SPF and DKIM builds a stronger reputation with mail servers. Mailservers may use different techniques when dealing with spam, and it is recommended to cover everything

March 2021 - AuthSMTP